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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
universal receiver and why
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Group AB; no antibodies against A & B
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universal donor and why
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Group O; no antigens
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shift of Hgb binding curve to right
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(1) inc in [H], i.e. low pH
(2) inc in [CO2] (3) inc in 2,3-DPG (4) high temp |
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Bronsted-lowry acid
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Proton donor
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Lewis acid
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electron pair acceptor
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calcitonin
--secreted by? --purpose? |
-secreted by parafollicular cells of THYROID
-lowers plasma calcium by promoting bone |
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why do we say that magnetic forces do not do work?
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force is perpendicular to velocity direction of particle and magnetic field lines; SO magnteic force can change direction of particle but it can slow/speed it up
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remembering that capacitance is amt of electric charge stored for a given electric potential, what is eqn?
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C= Q/V (coulomb per volt aka farad)
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eqns for Resistors vs Capacitors in parallel
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Resistors in parallel: 1/R+1/R...
Capacitors in parallel: just add |
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eqns for Resistors vs Capacitors in series
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resistors in series: just add
Capacitors in series: 1/C+1/C.. |
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linkages of cellulose
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1,4 Beta glycosidic bonds b.w glucoses (vs alpha in starch or glycogen)
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centripetal acceleration formula (can use same formula if need to figure out centripetal force eqn)
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=v2/r
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connectivity of conformational isomers vs constitutional isomers
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Conformational--same connectivity;
Constitutional--different connectivity |
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cos 0--90
sin 0--90 |
cos goes from 1 down to 0
sin goes from 0 up to 1 |
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colligative properties--defn & 4 properties
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depend on # of molec & NOT on size/mass of molec
If add particles.. (1) decr VP (2) incr BP (3) decr FP (4) osmotic pressure |
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Molality (m)
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mol solute/kg solvent
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Molarity (M)
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mol solute /L soln
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elastic collision and what's conserved
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collide & separate; momentum and KE conserved
(m1v1+m2v2)before-m1v1+m2v2 after |
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perfectly inelastic collision and what's conserved
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coliide and stick;
only momentum conserved; m1v1+m2v2=(m1+m2)v |
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DNA helicase job
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unwind DNA
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DNA synthezised from ___end to ___end
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5' to 3' (add bases at the 3' end)
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high vs low pKa means what
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just like pH; lower pKa is strong acid
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when pH=pKa
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there is equal concentration of acid and its conjugate base.
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high vs low Ka
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high Ka means subs has dissociated all the way, i.e. strong acid
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which acid halides are strong acids
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HCl, HI, HBr
**HF is NOT a strong acid** (just remember that this is why we put it on our teeth) |
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3 properties that affect acid strength (trend goes down and to the right)
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These make something more acidic:
1) big size 2) inc resonance 3) withdrawing groups on benzene |
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these are all examples of?
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid) , HClO3 chloric acid; HClO4 perchloric acid |
strong acids (in addition to the acid halides except HF)
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eqn for gauge pressure
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Pg=(density)(gravity)(depth)
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eqn for dilution
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MV initial=MV final
where M is molarity (aka mol solute/kg solvent) |
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for each mol of ATP used, how much energy released?
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7 kcal
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for block on incline place, what is force parallel to incline (pulling block down)
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F=mg sin theta
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force of gravity eqn
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F=Gmm/r2
where each m is a different mass |
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Current: eqn relating it to Q and what is it measured in?
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I = Q/T (charge per time)
meas in amperes |
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where does glycolysis occur
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cytoplasm
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how does distance between genes affect their likelihood of crossing over?
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closer genes=less chance b/c more likely that their linked
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how many bonds b/w A and T/U
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2
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How many bonds between C and G
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3
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how is Keq affected by catalyst
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it isnt
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how to approach ideal gases
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-low pressure
-high temp -mono-atomic gases -lower molecular wt -weaker intermolecular forces |
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how to find pH range
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take exponent of 10 (n) to find pH but range is n-1 to n
(ex) 6.2x10^-5 then pH range is 4-5 |
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in elements, A stands for?
____script position |
mass number <superscript>
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in element symbol, Z stands for?
____script position |
atomic #(aka proton #)
<subscript> |
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in the kreb's cycle, pyruvate is converted to
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acetly coA
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IR spectra for -OH
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3000-3500 (very broad)
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IR spectra for C=O
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1750 ish
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IR spectra for triple bonds
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2100-2600
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IR spectra for alkenes
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1650 ish
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IR specra for amines
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3300 ish; sharp
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is work scalar or vector
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scalar
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kinases ___ phosphate
vs phosphotase____phosphate |
kinases add phosphate;
phosphotases remove phosphate |
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which strand has okasak fragments
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lagging strand
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isochoric means?
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constant volume
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2 life cycles of bacteriorphage
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lytic--virion replicated then bacteria lysed
lysogenic--integrate into host cell so passed down to all offspring |
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max tension in elevator cable
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when elevator goes up
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what goes in/out in Na-K pump
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2K in for 3Na out
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micro
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10^-6
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nano
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10^-9
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Purines?
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Adenine and guanine (pure as gold)
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pyrimidines?
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cytosine, thymine, uracil
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1 mol of gas will occupy ___L of vol
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22.4
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origin of myelin sheaths in CNS vs PNS
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CNS-oligodendrocytes;
PNS--Schwann cells |
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Pico
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10^-12
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point mutation
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one base switched for another
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if obj is at focal length, image will be projected at
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infinitiy
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posterior pituitary hormones
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ADH and Oxytocin
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Power =
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work/time
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velocity in x and y for projectile motion
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Vx=(Vorg)cos theta
Vy=(Vorg)sin theta *Vy=0 at max ht; Vx constant throughout flight |
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promoter DNA sequence that is crucial in forming the transcription initation complex
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TATA box
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smooth muscle develops from which germ layer
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mesoderm
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prevents "supercoiling of DNA" by breaking and reattaching strands
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topoisomerase
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torque is + when movement is clockwise or counterclock?
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counterclock
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where are ribosomes made
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nucleus
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velocity vs time graph tells us what 2 things
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slope is acceleration and area under curve is displacement
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Turner syndrome letters
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XO; no 2ndary sex characteristics
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what are nitriles
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C triple bonded to N
aka cyanides |
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3 steps of translation
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(1) inititation
(2) elongation (3) termination |
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3 stop codons
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UAA
UAG UGA |
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conditions for total internal reflection
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moving from area of higher index of refraction to lower index of refraction
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what is needed to convert trypsinogen to trypsin
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enterokinase
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what distinguishes a purine from a pyrimidine
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purine=2 rings
pyrimidine=1 ring |
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Open vs closed vs isolated systems
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open-exchange energy & matter;
closed-exchange energy isolated-no exchange |
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what group of cells is responsible for cell mediated immunity vs humoral immunity
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cell mediated: T cells
Humoral immunity: B cells |
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what germ layer develops into epithelial linings
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endoderm
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what changes vs remains dame when light ray moves from air to another medium
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speed and wavelength change but freq stays same
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what is frameshift mutation
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addition/deletion of base pairs, causing it to be read in wrong frame
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what is an amp and what does it measure
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amp=ampere=coulomb/sec;
measures current (moving charge) |
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what area of loop of henle NOT permeable to water which creates the countercurrent multiplier
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ascending loop is NOT permeable to water
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Ohm's Law
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V = IR
(R must be constant and V can vary) |
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what is specific gravity
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density of obj/density of water
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nucleoside vs nucleotide
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Nucleoside=base + pentose
Nucleotide=base+pentose+phosphate |
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electron affinity vs ionization energy
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basically opposites. Electron affinity refers to the change in energy when an electron is added to an atom while ionization energy is the energy change to remove an electron.
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density of phases in most substances vs density of phases in water
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solid > liq> gas
liq> solid> gas |
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what is name of sequence of nucleotides on mRNA that is complementary to the rRNA in the 30S subunit
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shine dalgarno sequence
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what is start codon
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AUG (methionine)
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what kind of solvent is favored by sn2 rxns
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polar aprotic (non hydrogen bonding) solvents
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What stimulates release of bile
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CCK released from duodenum in response to chyme
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Nervous system, lens of eye, inner ear comes from what germ layer
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ectoderm
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what type of immunity is responsible for making immunobodies after one has been exposed to sickness
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humoral
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when substance freezes (liq to solid) the heat of _____ is given off
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heat of fusion given off (vs heat of fusion taken in when goes from solid to liq)
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where does electron transport chain occur in prok vs euk
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prok--cell membrane
euk--inner mitochon membrane |
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what electromagnetic wave is more readily absorbed: long or short wavelengths
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short wavelength
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what is absorbed more: IR spectra or visible light?
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visible light absorbed more because shorter wavelength
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why do 3'amines have lower BP than 1' or 2'?
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b/c they cant form H bonds.
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Klinfelters syndrome letters?
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XXY
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1st law of thermodynamics
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energy constant, cant be created nor destroyed
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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move toward disorder (high entropy; pos S)
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ligament connects?
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bone to bone
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surface area of sphere
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4 ii r^2 (vol is 4/3iir^3)
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newtons first law
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law of inertia (obj velocity wont change unless force acts upon it)
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center of mass eqn (used for ques that ask where balancing pt is on stick)
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you choose origin;
m1x1+m2x2+.../m1+m2... |
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torque eqn and what is it measured in
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torque=rFsin (theta)
meas in N*m (dont change to joules) |
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when work done ON system, PE____
vs when work done BY system, PE _______ |
ON system: PE inc
BY system: PE dec (b/c convert PE to KE) |
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impulse is change in momentum, or
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Force x time (can graph force vs time)
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total pressure of fluid = ___ + ____
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Gauge pressure + atm P
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Buoyancy force =
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density of fluid x vol subs x g
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Electric force eqn; what does it mean qhen Fe is neg vs pos
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Fe=kq1q2/r^2
-pos when same charges; neg when opposite charges |
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4 conditions that must be met for Bernouilli's eqn to be true
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1) constant density (cant compress the fluid)
2) no friction (small viscosity) 3) streamlined aka laminar flow 4) steady flow |
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bernouillis eqn
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P+1/2(density)v^2+(density)gy=same thing
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electric potential eqn and is measured in what?
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=kQ/r or joule/coulomb or VOLT
*make it NEG if attract |
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actual electrons move from ____potential to ___potential
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lower potential to higher potential
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Resistance is meas in
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ohms
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resistance of insulators vs conductors
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insulators: high resistance; wire is thin & long
conductors: low resistance; wire thick & short |
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what symbol tells you that charges moving out of page vs into page
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out of page-dot
into page- X |
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Hooke's law tells us about what & what's eqn
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tells us about restoring force of spring, neg sign b/c restoring force opposite to displacement
F= -kx (x is amplitude; high k when stiff spring so will need bigger force to restore spring) |
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elastic potential energy eqn
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PE=1/2kx^2
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how to figure out freq of wave when given pic of a transverse wave
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add # of crests & troughs then /2
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speed of wave is determined by ___ & ____; doesnt matter about _____
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speed of wave determined by type of wave & medium; doesnt matter about freq
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why does sound travel fast in water
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water resists compression (the greater the compression, the faster the sound travels)
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what is our hearing threshold
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10^-12
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eqn to find intensity of sound in decibels
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=10log I/Io where Io is our hearing threshold (10^-12)
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what is doppler effect
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apparent shift in freq produced by moving source (if moving towards each other then perceived higher freq aka higher pitch)
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order of EM waves in order of increasing freq & decreasing wavelength
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radio/micro/infrared/visible/UV/Xrays/gamma rays
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ROYGBIV (what side has highfreq/short wavelength & vicecersa)
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Red (long wavelength & low freq)
Violet (short wavelength & high freq) |
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angle of incidence =?
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angle of reflection
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if move from LOW n to HIGH n, light bends...
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TOWARD normal
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if move from HIGH n to LOW n, light bends..
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AWAY from normal
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if i (image distance) is + then image is... ____&_____
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real and inverted
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if i (image distance) is - then image is... ____&_____
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virutal and upright
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lens power meas in ? and what is eqn
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Power meas in Diopters; =1/f where f is focal length
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if magnification (m= -i/o) is neg then image is? vs pos then
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m is + then image erect; - then inverted
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intra vs intermolecular bonds
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intra-within molec
inter-b/w molec |
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H bonds occur when H bonded to ____ bonds with ____
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OSFN
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4 quantum #s and what does each tell you
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n--shell (period#)
l--subshell (0 to n-1) m sub l--orbital (-l to l) m sub o--spin |
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BP elevation/FP depression eqn (used to figure out new BP/FP when subs added to something)
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change in temp=iBm
where i is # of particles (ie 2 if salt added b/c separates into Na & Cl) B can be B or F (BP or FP constant) m is molality (mol solute/kg solvent) |
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what = what at equivalence pt on titration curve
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pH=pKa
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what is eqn for Ksp & what is it telling us?
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Ksp=[products]
If low Ksp then more likely to percipitate |
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LEO is A GERC refers to what?
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where e- loss/gained in electrochemical cell
LEO is A=Loss of Electrons, Oxidation, Anode GERC=Gain Electrons, Reduction, Cathode |
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when doing electron configuration, e- fill lowest E levels according to Aufbau principle (pyramid thing) EXCEPT for
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Chromium and Copper columns (take 1 out of s and put it in d)
Cr is 4s1,3d5 (more imp to have 1/2 of d filled than all of s) |
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when transition metals become cations where are there e- coming from
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valence s subshell before d subshell
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wavelength of.... red, blue (remember trick) and violet
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red=700nm
blue=420nm ("blue 42") violet=400nm |
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what is a Bohr atom
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one electron system (H, He+, Li2+)
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order of electronegativity (remember german-like word)
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Fon-Cl-Brisch
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atomic radius PT trend
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down and to left
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if subs gains some heat & have to figure out how much temp changed, what eqn to use?
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q=mc∆t
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inc temp does what to solubility (remember to consider the PHASE)
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inc solubility of sol in liq
Dec solubility of gas in liq (so bubbles form) |
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when particles added to soln, VP decr, but how figure out by how much it decr
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∆VP= (-X)(VPo)
where X is mole frxn (mol solute/total mols) VPo is org VP |
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Keq eqn
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[prods]/[reactants]
but only use aq & g |
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re: LeChatlier's principle, what happens when inert gas added
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NOTHING b/c they wont react
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pH of pure water neutral at ____Celsius
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25 (therefore, pH+pOH=14 only at 25 Celsius
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1 cal = ___ joules
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4.2
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E = q + W tells us what
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energy cant be created/destroyed but can be trasnferred (ie heat produced)
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total cell potential (E°) is found similarly to ΔH b/c add up 1/2 rxns but different b/c
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both you switch sign but for E°, you dont have to multiply E° of half rxn by # if rxn had to be multiplied by #
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