Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Signal Perception Theory |
-theres a certain threshold that must be hit in order to detect stimuli -perception effected by experience, motive, memory |
|
|
Perception of Stimuli |
stimulus➡sensory receptor➡afferent neuron➡sensory ganglion➡spinal cord➡brain areas of projection |
|
|
Threshold of conscious perception |
Enough action potential for a long enough time for brain to percieve signals -liminal (signals sent to CNS but not percieved) vs subliminal (reaches CNS but not brain regions for attention) |
|
|
Heirarchy of Salience |
-how identities are organized, -situation dictates which personality is most important at the moment -more salient the identity, the more we conform to expectations and role -how salient? Depends on how much work went into achieving identity |
|
|
Self Discrepancy Theory |
3 selves: actual = how we see ourselves, ideal = who we would like to be, Ought = representation of the way others think we should be |
|
|
Fixation and Neurosis in Freuds Psychosexual Development |
Fixation: occurs when your overindulged or frustrated at a stage Neorosis: develop a personality pattern later in life due to anxiety of fixation, can come into adult life as mental disorder |
|
|
Instinct Theory of Motivation and Arousal Theory |
Were driven to behaviours based on evolutionary programmed instincts Arousal: best performance is done at moderate arousal based on the yerkes-dodson law (need higher arousal for physical tasks vs cognitive) |
|
|
Maslows Heirarchy |
Physiololgical (basic needs, food), Safety (security), Love & Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization |
|
|
Responses to emotion |
1. Physiological (arousal of sympathatic nervous system, increase in heart rate, skin temp) 2. Behavoural (facial expression, body language) 3. Cognitive ( what am I feeling? Decide based on memories of past experiences and how we percieve the cause of emotion) |
|
|
Schachter-Singer emotion theory |
Environment is product of environment and arousal: emotion has 2 factors, to decide what the emotion is need to look at environment |
|
|
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion |
Cognitive and physiological response of emotion occurs at the same time: behaviour is the 2nd response resulting in some action. Cortex recieves info at the same time as sympathetic cortex for autonomic response. Drawback is that it doesnt explain vagus nerve careying info PNS back to CNS |
|
|
JamesLange theory of emotion |
A stimulus causes physiological arousal that is then classified as emotion (identified). If there is no pns signal then no emotion is identified. The 2nd response is the identification of emotion. |
|
|
Anterior and Posterior Pit. |
Post: adh and oxytocin Ant : master gland, regulated by hypothalamus, secretes ACTH, norep. (Adrenal medulla) and corticosteroids (test/est to adrenal cortex) Both form hypophyseal portal with hypothalamus. |
|
|
2 types of Amnesia |
Retrograde: lose old memories Anterograde: cant form new memories (long term) |
|
|
Brocas and Wernickes |
Brocas: frontal lobe, left hemisphere, for language production Wernickes: temporal lobe, for language comprehension Both usually found in dominant hemisphere (usually left, for logic and math) |
|
|
Baby reflexes |
Babinski: flex toes after stimulation of sole of foot Moro: response to head jerk by flailing of arms and grasping movement Rooting: stimulus to cheek = turn head |
|
|
Bottom up and top down processing |
Bottom up: taking in individual stimulu and combining to determine object (time consuming) Top down: shortcuts, determine object via past memories and expectations Psychological Processing using a combo of 2 |
|
|
Webers law |
There a constant differnce in ratio needed to tell the difference b/w 2 stimuli: for sound a 68% differnce os detectable Thresholds are proportional, increase by same % every time |
|
|
Variable Ration schedules |
Works fastest and is most resistant to extinction to establish behaviour. Reinforce behaviour after a varying number of behaviour performance |
|
|
Classical and Operant conditioning |
Classical: stimuli to control reflexive behaviour, provoke innate response, ie pavlovs dogs Operant: behaviour controlled by -/+ reinforcement or punishment, Skinner (all behaviour is conditioned belief) |
|
|
2 types of long term memory |
Explicit: semantic (facts) and episodic (events), memories ABOUT emotion (where it was, who was there) -temporal lobe and hippocampus gets memory from sensory systems Implicit: unconcious, procedural (riding a bike), emotional memory, how it FELT -amygdala |
|
|
Interfernce |
Proactive: old information interferes with remembering the new (changing the housecode) Retroactive: new info interferes with old (teacher learns new classes age but forgets last years class) |
|
|
Long term potentiation |
Neurobiology of forming memory: neurotrans released jnto synaptic cleft, pattern reheased if stimuli repeated and neurons form a more efficient pathway (increase in receptor sites, more efficient neurotrans release) |
|
|
2 facets of adaptation (info processing) |
Assimilation: classify new info into existing schemata Accomodation: exisiting schemata modified to encompass new info |
|
|
2 ( of 6) types of problem solving other than trial/error, algorithms, func. Func. Fix and mental set |
Deductive reasoning: start with guidelines, rules and draw conclusions from info given Inductive: (bottom up) create thelry from generalizations, draw conclusions from instances |
|
|
Freuds 5 stages of psychosocial development |
Oral 0-1: libido fizated at mouth Anal 1-3: gratification via pooping Phallic 3-5: oedipus/electra Latency: libido sublimited Genital (puberty +): if all good, enter normal hetero relationships |
|
|
Erikson: theories of psychosocial development (conflict b/w need and social demand) not sequential like freud |
0-1 Trust/distrust 1-3 Autonomy/shame + doubt 3-6 initiative/guilt 6-12 industry/inferiority (competence) 12-20 identity/role confusion 20-40 intimacy/isolation 40-65 generativity/stagnation 65-death integrity/despair |
|
|
Kohlberg and moral thinking |
Preconventional: preadol (obedience to avoid punishment and self interest to gain rewards ) with emphasis on consequence Conventional: adult (conformatity and law and order) emphasis on social rules, get others approval Post-conventional morality: abstract principles (social contract and universal human ethics) may conflict with law *stages dropped when next one is adopted |
|
|
Big 5 personality traits: Type and Trait theory of personality |
Openness Concientiousnes Extravertedness Agreeableness Neuroticm |
|
|
Freud: psychoanalytic personality 3 elements |
ID: urges to survive and reproduce, driven by pleasure principle Ego: balances id and superego, driven by reality principle, puts off pleasure until right time Superego: driven by morality principle, acts in socially accepted ways |
|
|
Jungs 3 dichotomies of personality |
E vs I: extra/intravertedness Sensing vs intuiting: info on world Thinking vs feeling: logic/reason |
|
|
Jungs personality archetypes |
Persona: mask, what we present to the world Sex inappropriate actions: (anima and animus-males traits in female) Shadow: unpleasant thoughts/feelings |
|
|
Role conflict vs role strain |
Conflict: tension bw 2 diff stat w contradictory roles, expectations of each conflict Role strain: contradictory expectations for single statuses |
|
|
Egosystonic vs dystonic |
Two divisions of personality disorders Sys: illness is normal, coinsides with life goals Dys: illness is intrusive and bothersome |
|
|
OCD vs OCPD |
OCD: egodysonic, focal and aquired obsessions and compulsions OCPD: lifelong and egosystonic |
|
|
Bipolar 1 vs bipolar 2 |
1: at least one manic episode with or without major depressive episodes 2: at least one manic episode and at least one major depressive episode |
|
|
Personality disorder clusters |
Impairs 2 of (cognition, relationships, impulse control, emotions) |
|
|
2 dimensions of + schizophrenic symptoms and what they include? |
Psychotic: dillusions (thought broadcast/insertion, grandeur, reference, persecution) and hallucinations Disorganized: word salad, echolalia and echopraxia, catatonia |
|
|
Dissociative disorders (3) |
Amnesia: can include wandering off (dissociative fugue) and forgeting things (not caused by medical reasons) Identity: multi pers Depersonalization/de realization (detached from body) |
|
|
3 clusters of personality disorders |
A: paranoid, schizotypal (mag think), schizoid (detach from ppl) B: antisocial, borderline (splitting, instability) histrionic, narcissitic C: avoidant, dependent, OCPD |
|
|
Somatic disorders |
Conversion; ie blindess after traumatic event Illness anxiety and somatic symptom (of medical condition to obsess over) |
|
|
Social action |
Concious Actions/behaviours performed because others are present |
|
|
Social facilitation |
Performing better at simple tasks in front of others Yerkes-dodson law of soc fac: presence of others raises arousal, in addition to ^^ you do bad at stuff not familiar to you (curves for yd law on graph) |
|
|
Deindividuation |
Ind in group settings can lead to antonormative behaviour, lose sense of self and gain anonymity in group |
|
|
Identity shift effect |
To explain peer pressure, when your internal state of harmony is disrupted by threat of social rejection, you conform to norm of group = internal conflict, and to eliminate gotta shift id to adopt group standards as your own |
|
|
2 facets of social interaction |
Group polarization: groups making more extreme decisions when together, ind form more drastic opinions (risky shift or choice shift- cos groups could also swimg towards caution) Groupthink: inf by cohesiveness, structure, leadership, situation (includes 8 factors) |
|
|
Assimilation |
Process when ind/group behaviour and culture begins to resemble that of another group (can be uneven blend) |
|
|
Labeling theory |
Labels given affect ones self image, and affect how oyheres respond to that person. Can lead to more extreme deviance or away to compliance |
|
|
Internalization vs identification |
Identification is surface level acceptance of others ideas/beliefs Internalization: change of internal thoughts to agree with the idea Both involve accepting groups view |
|
|
Conformity vs compliance |
Conformity: matching attitudes beleif, behav to societal norms Compliance: change in behaviour due to direct request (via foot in door, door in face, lowball) from non authoritative figure Obedience: demand from authoritive figure |
|
|
3 components of attitude |
Behavioural: how we act in response to something Cognitive: way we think about something Affective: how we feel towards something (emotional component) |
|
|
Theories of attitude |
Functional; attitude does 4 functions (ego express and defend, knowledge and adaptive) Learning: attitudes learnt by direct contact, direct instruction, others attitudes Elaboration likelihood: central/perif process Social cog: people learn to shape/behave attitudes by observation |
|
|
Central vs perif processing |
2 ways of processing persuasive information. Central = think critically, draw conclu from info vs Peripheal = focus on superficial detail, appearence, credibility |
|
|
Key conformity in stanford prison experiment? |
Internalization conformity (changing behaviour to match group) and deindividualizatiom (loss of self identity in group setting that leads to violent behaviour) |
|
|
Types of statuses |
Ascribed: given involuntarily (race, gender, ethnicity) Achieved: gained via efforts/choices Master: status by which ind is most identified (most important, held in all aspects of life, symbolic value and can lead to being classified based on it) |
|
|
3 models of emotional expression |
Basic: by darwin, includes posture, fac exp, vocals, physio changes across all cultures and also seen in animals Appraisal: biologically determined fac exp with cognitive antecedent Social construction: NO biological basis of emotion, but dependent on situation and context, emotional expression differs across cultures |
|
|
3 selves of impression management |
Authentic self: who you are, +/- components Ideal: who we would like to be in the best case scenario Tactical: how we present our selves to other ppl, who we are when were trying to be what others expect us to be |
|
|
Factors that influence interpersonal attraction |
Physical characteristics, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity and proximity |
|
|
Role of amygdala in agression |
Associates stim with rewards/punish and disconcerning threats. If activated increases aggression, can be down-played by prefrontal cortex |
|
|
4 factors of secure base in attachment |
Carrgiver must be consistent, available, comforting and responsive |
|
|
4 main types of attachment |
Secure: consistent care, trusts for comfort, sad at depart, happy @ return Avoidant: caregiver gives little/no response to distressed child, indifferent to comfort from caregiver vs stranger Ambivilent: caregiver has inconsistant response to distress. Child has no secure base, distressed @ caregiver depart but mixed response on return Disorganized: can result from abuse, child shows no consistancy in response to caregivers absence or presence Disorganized: can result from abuse, child shows no consistancy in response to caregivers absence or presence |
|
|
5 mech of mate choice |
Phenotypic: observable traits that convey increased offspring production Sensory bias: develop trait to match one present in environ (crab stacks) Fisherian: trait that gets exagg over time but has no effect on survival (peacock) Indicator: healthy looking Genetic compat: to dec rec disorders |
|
|
2 facets of mate bias from an evolutionary mechanism standpoint |
How choosy mate selection is, aims to increase fitness of species with indirect and direct benefits. Indirect = adv to offspring, direct= provide protection/shelter |
|
|
Components of impression bias |
Reliance on central trait: focus percep of others in traits that are relevant to perciever Implicit personality theory: sets of assumptions made about traits, behav of ppl Halo effect: she is pretty so she must be nice Just world: good things happen to good ppl Self serving bias: I did good on a test, i am a genious (trait behav focused/i failed the teacher is racist (sitch focused) |
|
|
3 cues to understanding behaviour of others |
Consistency: is this how the ind normally acts Consensus: is this socially accepted behaviour in this situation (unlike the norm atribute behav dispositionally) Distinctivness: does the person engage is this behaviour in a variety of scenarios (if ones behave varies across scenarios = sitch attrib) |
|
|
Fundamental Attribution Error |
Says were biased to make dispositional attributions over aituational |
|
|
Attribute substitution |
When making complex judgements, use heuristics (shortcuts), use like scenarios or questions to confront present thing. |
|
|
Cultural attributiom differences |
American/european: individualistic (value goals, independence) vs Asian/african (collectivist value conformity and interdependence) IND: make more fundamental att error vs collectivist (who are more likely to make sitch attributions) |
|
|
Classification of stereotype, prejudice and discrimination |
Stereotype: cognitive (expectation, impressions, opinions) Prejudice: affective (attitiude and emotional response) Discrimination: behavioural (actions) |
|
|
4 types of stereotypes in stereotype content model |
Paternalistic: group is looked down on (housewives, elderly) Contemptous: group is resented Envious: group is viewed with jealousy Admiration: view group with + feelings |
|
|
Stereotype threat? |
Being nervous about confirming - stereotypes of your social group ie small minded white drunk who cant drink . Can affect performance |
|
|
Theoretical approach to social structure |
Functionalism: each part of society serves a function, when functions work = normal society Conflict theory: power diff needed to maintain social order (diff created when groups compete for respurces) Symbolic interactionalism: communication via signs, gestures Social constructionalism: ind/groups make decisions to agree on societal reality |
|
|
4 tenants of medical ethics |
Beneficiance, nonmalificence, respect for patient autonomy and justice |
|
|
2 facets of culture |
Material: artifacts, objects with meaning in a culture (flags, clothing) Symbolic; ideas that represent people, mottos, songs Culture used to rally ppl during war |
|
|
4 demographic stats |
Fertility rate: kids per woman in lifetime Birth rate: kids per 1000 ppl per year Mortality rate: deaths per 1000 ppl per year Migration rate: immigration rate - emigration rate |
|
|
What is globalization? |
Integrating global economy with free trade and using foreign markets to decrease constraints on social/cultural exchanges |
|
|
Demographic Transition graph (death, birth rate and total pop lines) |
4 stages starting from preindustrial to industrial. Stage 1: death/birth high, pop low. Stage 2: better healthcare, wages, san causes death rate to drop b4 birth*. Stage 3: death and birth low (contraception) |
|
|
Ethnicity and culture |
Ethnicity: social construct considerations language, religion, nationality, culture Culture: groups way of life (material and symbolic) |
|
|
Social class |
Category of ppl of same socioeconomic status in society (look at job pos, lifestyles, attitudes, behav to determine) Determiners: skin colour/external char (ascribed) and achieved ( merit, ind efforts) |
|
|
What is anomie, and what are its impacts? |
The lack of social norms/breaking social bonds bw ind and society. Leads to deviance, conditions in post-industrial modern life have lead to reduced social inclusion and reduced opportunity to get social capital. Anomic conditions: isolation, social inequality etc |
|
|
Social capital |
Investments ppl make in society in return for economic/collective rewards. Social network is a form of social capital, low social capital = greater social inequality |
|
|
Social reproduction and meritocracy |
Soc rep: passing on of poverty across generations Meritocracy: system of social mobility thats based on intellectual talent/achievement |
|
|
2 levels of poverty and the poverty line |
Absolute: cant afford necessities of living Relative: poor compared to population in which they live. Line: derived from governments calc of min. Income requirements for life (cant be applied to all geographic regions because of variation) |
|
|
Epidemiology stats |
Incidence: new cases per pop at risk/time Vs Prevalence: total cases per total population / time Vs Prevalence: total cases per total population / time Vs Prevalence: total cases per total population / time |
|
|
Morbidity and mortality |
Morbidity: deg of illlness, higher rates in women Mortality: deaths caused by given disease, higher rates in men |
|
|
Language |
Morphology: building blocks of words. Semantics : meaning of words. Syntax: rules dictating word order. Pragmatic: changes in language delivery based on context |
