Mcat

Front 1

Ductus Venosus

Back 1

- shunt in fetal circulation
- blood away from liver

Front 2

Foramen Ovale

Back 2

- Shunt in fetal circulation
- blood away from lungs

Front 3

ductus arteriosus

Back 3

- Shunt in fetal circulation
- blood away from lungs

Front 4

distal tubule

Back 4

- segment of nephron
Na+ reabsorbed, K+ excreted due to action of Aldosterone

Front 5

Glomerulus

Back 5

Plasma -> Bowman's capsule of the nephron
No reabsorption

Front 6

Proximal tubule

Back 6

reabsorption of filtered nutrients: amino acids, glucose and minerals

Front 7

late distal tubule + collecting duct

Back 7

water reabsorption

Front 8

lacteals

Back 8

lymph capillaries - collect fats from small intestine and transport them to circulatory system

Front 9

enterokinase

Back 9

enzyme - small intestine
trypsinogen --> active trypsin

Front 10

trypsin

Back 10

chymotrypsinogen --> active form (chymotrypsin)

Front 11

Transcription

Back 11

mRNA synthesis
nucleus

Front 12

promoter

Back 12

region of DNA
- binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

Front 13

ADH

Back 13

- antidiuretic hormone
- posterior pituitary gland
- respond to low blood volume or high plasma osmolarity
-restore by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys

Front 14

high plasma osmolarity

Back 14

lots of solute in plamsa

Front 15

LH and FSH in males

Back 15

- constant
- stimulate testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis

Front 16

LH and FSH in females

Back 16

cyclic
prior to ovulation: gradual increase. FSH -> follicle development LH -> corpus lutem
After ovulation: drops sharply

Front 17

diuretic

Back 17

substance that removes water from the body by promoting urine formation and the loss of salt

Front 18

RH

Back 18

- produce anti-RH antibodies only upon second expoure to RH antigen
+ possess RH antigen, does not produce antibodies against Rh-

Front 19

sarcomere

Back 19

-contractile unit of muscle fiber
- composed of actin, myosin, troponin and tropomyosin
- myosin binds to actin and sarcomere contracts

Front 20

geometric isomer

Back 20

cis, trans

Front 21

conformational isomer

Back 21

rotation around a single bond

Front 22

non-terminal alkenes -> hot, basic, KMnO4

Back 22

2 carboxylic acid

Front 23

double slit max

Back 23

dsin(theta) = n*lamda

Front 24

lysogenic cycle

Back 24

integrated in prophage form, and remains dormant

Front 25

O=C

Back 25

1750

Front 26

O-H

Back 26

> 3000 broad

Front 27

N-H

Back 27

> 3000

Front 28

alkane C-H

Back 28

< 3000 sharp

Front 29

alkyne & alkene

Back 29

> 3000 (sharp)

(right of N-H)

Front 30

sp3

Back 30

0-5

Front 31

sp2

Back 31

5-10

Front 32

aldehyde (NMR)

Back 32

9.5

Front 33

UV-vis

Back 33

conjugated system

Front 34

translation

Back 34

RNA -> polypeptide

Front 35

polycistronic

Back 35

in prokaryotes, single mRHA often contains more than one coding region

Front 36

transformation

Back 36

DNA is taken up from the environment and integrated into bacterial genome

Front 37

transduction

Back 37

bacterial genes are transfered from 1 bacterial cell to another virus

Front 38

conjugation

Back 38

bacterial genes -> another bacteria via temporary connection known as conjugation bridge

Front 39

retroviruses

Back 39

reverse transcriptase

Front 40

lytic

Back 40

take control of the host cell's genetic machinery => bacterial bursts

Front 41

gram negative

Back 41

thin layer of peptidoglycan sandwiched between layers of periplasm and coated with a layer of lipopolysaccharide and protein

Front 42

cocci

Back 42

round or spherical bacteria

Front 43

bacilli

Back 43

rod-shaped bacteria

Front 44

spirilla

Back 44

spiral-shaped bacteria

Front 45

photoheterotrophs

Back 45

use light to generate E, obtain C in organic form

Front 46

chemoheterotrophs

Back 46

consume organic molecules both as E source and a cource of carbon

Front 47

gap junction

Back 47

direct connect between the cytoplasm of one cell and the cytoplasm of a neighboring cell via channels => connexins

Front 48

gram-positive

Back 48

thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

Front 49

carbs and protein absorption via

Back 49

capillaries

Front 50

fats absorption via

Back 50

lacteals

Front 51

glycosylation

Back 51

addition of sugar groups to proteins

Front 52

peroxisomes

Back 52

break down fats into small molecules; they are also used in the liver to detoxify potentially harmful compounds such as alcohols

Front 53

detox of drugs

Back 53

smooth ER

Front 54

tight junction

Back 54

membranes of neighboring cells are attached, cells are bound together so tightly that no material can pass
total barrier

Front 55

anchoring junction

Back 55

- cells subject to mechanical stress
ex) desmosomes, attach epithelial cells in the skin

Front 56

stronger the base

Back 56

more likely E2

Front 57

bulky base

Back 57

Hofmann - tert-butoxide

Front 58

tert-butanol

Back 58

weak base
E1 -> always via Zaitsev

Front 59

thymus

Back 59

secrets thymosin
stimulates pre T-cells to grow

Front 60

inflammatory response

Back 60

- response to cellular damage
- release histamine, causes blood vessels to dilate resulting in increased blood flow to the site of damage

Front 61

B cells

Back 61

- nucleus
- production of antibodies
- humoral response

Front 62

T cells

Back 62

cellular response

Front 63

cytotoxic T cells

Back 63

kill cells that are infected by a pathogen that the T cell recognizes

Front 64

Helper T cell

Back 64

coordinate the immune response of other cells against specific antigen. secrete signaling molecules called lymphokins

Front 65

suppressor T cells

Back 65

regulate other T cells and B cells to decrease their activity

Front 66

epitope

Back 66

specific part of an antigen

Front 67

specific immune response

Back 67

humoral and cellular response

Front 68

Na+/K+ pump

Back 68

protein complex, located in cell membrane.
Na+ out
K+ in
against ion concentration, active transport, ATP

Front 69

corticosteroids

Back 69

secrets a family of steroids
adosterone and corisol

Front 70

epinephrine

Back 70

- hormone
- not stereoids
- secreted when there is stress

Front 71

intramolecular hydrogen bonding

Back 71

reduces ability to H-bond with water
less soluble

Front 72

intermolecular bond

Back 72

higher melting pt

Front 73

cerebellum

Back 73

- hand-eye coordination
- produce balance and unconscious coordinated movement

Front 74

cerebrum

Back 74

sense of small (olfaction)

Front 75

hypothalamus

Back 75

thermoregulation

Front 76

B type blood

Back 76

anti-A antibody

Front 77

incandescence

Back 77

light which is emitted due to heat

Front 78

normality

Back 78

#3 of equivalent per liter of solution

Front 79

molality

Back 79

# of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Front 80

gastrin

Back 80

secreted by the pyloric glands of the stomach, stimulates muscular contractions and secretion of HCl from the gastric glands

Front 81

secretin

Back 81

secreted by the duodenum in response to the acidity of chyme, stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic juice

Front 82

CCK

Back 82

secreted into the bloodstrem by the duodenum in response to the presence of chyme in small intestine.
- induces the release of bile stored in the gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes

Front 83

large intestine

Back 83

reabsorption of salt and water from forming feces

Front 84

epithelial cells

Back 84

play protective roles and are relatively impermeable