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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the total # of (Osmoles/Liter) gives
|
OSMOLARITY
|
|
anything LEAVING the Enteric Nervous Sys. is?
|
POSTganglionic
|
|
Autonomic...composed of:
|
Nerve Fibers that send impulses from CNS (brain + spinal cord) to--->SMOOTH Muscle, CARDIAC Mus., & GLANDS
|
|
Axon Terminal
|
where the NERVE meets the MUSCLE CELLS @ the POSTsynaptic Gap.
|
|
WHITE MATTER contains ____ ____ which Ascend/Descend the Spinal Cord
|
Spinal Tracts
|
|
WHITE Matter contains:
|
AXON FIBERS (ascending & descending) OUTER part of spinal cord.
|
|
Caudal Equina
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DESCENDING Peripheral (PNS) NERVES
|
|
(UMN) Upper Motor Neuron
|
arise from the VOLUNTARY Motor Area of the Cereb. CORTEX
|
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Nerve Tract
|
bundles of PARALLEL AXONS with their associated Sheaths (in CNS-brain/spinal cord)
|
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What is primary NT for POSTganglionic SYMPATHETIC (SNS) Neurons?
|
NE (norepinephrine)
|
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_____Matter surrounds ______Matter in the Spinal Cord
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WHITE matter surrounds GRAY
|
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AXONS (of MOTOR NEURONS) travel through the cord through the _____ ROOT
|
Ventral
|
|
Gray Matter
|
clumps of CELL BODIES;
CENTRAL part of Spinal Cord VENTRAL HORN |
|
Sensory Neurons have their CELL BODIES in the ______ of the Spin.Cord
|
Spinal (Dorsal Root) Ganglion
|
|
Dorsal Ramus
|
provides necessary Sensory Innervation from Motor innerv. TO--specific segments of Skin & muscles (of BACK)
|
|
G-Protein:
|
part of G-prot.-linked-reception (that is on or off) depending on which of the 2 GUANINE NUCLEOTIDES are attached
|
|
G-Protein-linked Receptor
|
a Plasma Membrane (rec.) that works w/ help of G-protein;
contain 7-ALPHA-HELICES (spanning membrane) |
|
neuroBLAST:
|
(blast=germ)
EMBRYONIC CELL derived from: Neural TUBE & CREST giving rise to-- NEURON |
|
what Biogenic Amine is in HIGH [ ]'s (concentrations) in BRAIN STEM CELLS?
|
Seratonin
|
|
HydroPHILLIC hormones:
(Water-Soluble) |
-A.A.'s (Amino Acids) & Small Peptides
-bind to membrane receptors 2ND MESSENGERS |
|
regulation of ECF (Extracellular Fluid) VOLUME?
|
mechanism:
-Neural -Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone -(ANP) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/Hormone -(ADH) Anti-diuretic Hormone |
|
Beta Cells:
|
1) BASOPHILIC Cells in ANTER. Lobe of Pituitary
2) insulin-SECRETING cells of the Islets of Langerhans *PANCREAS |
|
D2 receptors:
|
MODULATES transmitter-Release (especially IN BRAIN)
|
|
Fate of Proteins that are TRANSLATED in the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum):
|
-Secretion
-Storage in SECRETORY VESICLES -Plasma Membrane -ER -Golgi -Lysosome |
|
Dorsal Root:
|
connects the SPINAL NERVE to the SPINAL CORD
contains: "SENSORY FIBERS" arising from CELL BODIES in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLION |
|
NeuroHORMONES:
|
-horm.'s RELEASED (from Neurons)
-FASTER release than simple Endocrine Hormones Effect: like other hormones, they depend on diff. cell's RECEPTORS |
|
Ventral Root:
|
connects: SPINAL NERVE to SPINAL CORD
(ea. root forms from series of Rootlets) contains: "MOTOR FIBERS" arising from VENTRAL GRAY COLUMN (of Spin. Cord) |
|
NeuroPHYSIN:
|
(Protein) secreted by the HYPOTHALAMUS that are involved in the transport of OXYTOCIN & ADH (Vasopressin)
|
|
INTRAcellular-Signaling Proteins:
|
acts as molecular switches (apart from a few small mol.'s) like CYCLIC-GMP,AMP, Ca++.
intracell.signaling mol's=PROTEINS. Some serve as CHEM. TRANSDUCERS and others as MESSENGERS 2 categories: 1)proteins turned on/off by PHOSPHORYLATION 2)GTP-Binding Proteins |
|
2 categories of Intracell.-Signaling Proteins:
|
1. proteins turned on.off by Phosphorylation
2. GTP-Binding proteins |
|
Adherence Junctions:
|
structural integrity
-link cells into functional units -organize Cell Polarity -assoc. w/ INTERCELL. Signaling Proteins -made of: CADHERINS anchored to---ACTIN |
|
SNS (sympathetic-fight/flight) NTs:
|
PREganglionic=ACh (NICOTINIC)
POSTgang.= (ADRENERGIC) sweat glands= controlled by sympath. & have ACh as POSTganglionic NT |
|
Metabotropic Receptors:
|
1. G-protein coupled
2. Ion-Channel OPENING= induced by 2nd Messenger 3. gives SLOW, Sustained response |
|
BETA-1 (B1) Sympathetic (SNS) Receptors located?
|
AV & SA-Nodes of HEART
|
|
PARAsympathetic (PNS) NT's
|
PREgang.=ACh (NICOTINIC)
POSTgang.=ACh (MUSCARINIC) |
|
what way does VAGUS Nerve DIRECTLY STIMULATE ---> H (secret./conserv.) From the PARIETAL CELLS?
|
ACh (Acetylcholine)-Released (From VAGUS) Binds to---> Parietal MUSCARINIC Receptors & via: IP3/Ca ---initiates H (hydrogen) SECRETION
|
|
H+ (Hydrogen Ions):
|
SECRETED through ANTI-PORT system (w/ Na+, Sodium)
=driven by: Na+ CONCENTRATION-GRADIENT -the H+/Na+ Anti-port sys= similar to that of GLUCOSE w/ Na+(Sodium)...EXCEPT- that Proton (+) crosses the membrane in OPPOSITE direction to Sodium (Na+) |
|
Effect NE has on MYOCARDIUM:
|
Enhances VELOCITY of SARCOMERE-Shortening
|
|
M3 Receptors:
|
INCREASE EXOCRINE GLAND SECRETION
|
|
Receptor-type Stimulating NO(Nitric Oxide)-Release?
|
M3
|
|
Receptor type DECREASING H.R.?
|
M2
|
|
OsmoLALity:
(ECF) |
-adding/removing Water changes Osmolality
INCREASING OSMOLAL. triggers--thirst & ADH SECRETION DECREASING OSMOLAL= (Dec. SALT, Incr. H20)---INHIBITS: thirst, and ADH secretion...Urine Output INCREASES, Water stays in the urine and DILUTES it. |
|
Process by which LIPID-SOLUBLE Hormones are SECRETED into the bloodstreem and signal other cells:
|
DIFFUSION;
INTRAcellular Receptor |
|
Basement Membrane:
|
Basal Lamina + Reticular Lamina
|
|
4 Amine Hormones:
|
1. Epinephrine (water-soluble)
2. NE 3. Seratonin 4. Thyroxine (Lipid-Soluble) |
|
M1 Receptors:
|
CNS
|
|
Which biogenic AMINE= present in the NEURONS of the HYPOTHALAMUS?
|
Histamine
|
|
2nd Messenger:
|
-Small, Non-protein, Water-Soluble (Molecule or Ions);
-small size=facilitates the DIFFUSION of 2nd mess. throughout cell; *cAMP & Ca++= MOST COMMON |
|
Passive Electrical properties of Neurons:
|
1. membrane composition
2. passive ion-channels & Gradient 3. Nernst equation 4. GHK eqn. |
|
Potentiating effects of: ACh, Histamine, & Gastrin on PARIETAL CELLS:
|
-Histamine potentiates action of ACh and Gastrin
-ACh potent's actn. of Histamine & Gastrin Gastrin= does NOT potentiate other 2 |
|
Cell-Cycle is regulated by:
(4 things) |
1. CDK's (cyclin-dependant Kinase)
2. cyclins (activate--->CDKs) 3. cyclin-CDK Complexes 4. Tumor-Suppressors (Rb, p53) |
|
(ACh) ACETYLCHOLINE:
|
a NT; derivative of: Choline
-found in: nerve terminals, nerve-muscle synapses, & CNS -fxn: when a Heart Muscle=exposed to ACh, the RATE & FORCE of contraction DECREASE but when Salivary Gland=exposed to ACh...it SECRETES components of Saliva. Bind to diff. type of Receptor Protein (Skel. muscle cells) causes-->CONTRACTION |
|
Sensory Receptors:
|
ENDINGS of NERVE CELLS
or separate, specialized cells that detect: temp, pain, touch, pressure, light sound, odors, and other stimuli |
|
NeuroFIBRIL:
|
-any of the MANY TINY FIBERS that extend in every direction of the CYTOPLASM of Neuron CELL BODY
-maintains SHAPE of neuron -neurofibril extend INTO-->AXON |
|
where can you find EFFERENT (motor) Neuron Cell Body of the SOMATIC divis. of the PERIPHERAL nerv.sys. (PNS)
|
VENTRAL (anter.) HORN of spin.cord
|
|
SOMATIC Nervous System:
|
composed of NERVE FIBERS that SEND IMPULSES (from CNS to--->Skeletal Muscle)
|
|
PROJECTION Nerve Fibers:
|
1) a nerve fiber arising in the DIENCEPHALON and passing to--->CEREBRAL CORTEX
2)n.f. arising in CEREB.CORTEX and TERMINATING IN---> LOWER portions of BRAIN and SPIN CORD |
|
CHOLINERGIC Nerve Fiber:
|
releases: ACh (acetylcholine) @ SYNAPSE when impulse transmitted;
-Symp/Para. PREgang. FIBERS; -Parasymp(PNS) POSTgang. fibers; -EFFERENT (Somatic Fibers) ENDING in --->Skeletal Muscle |
|
DECREASE ECF (less H20 around) does what?
|
-Increases ALDOSTERONE
-Decr. ANP(ANH) -Inc. ADH -Inc. SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION |
|
Ion-Channel (structure):
|
-s4= voltage sensor
-channel-pore loop -toxin binding-site -4 domains = 1 channel |
|
Integrins:
|
-Calcium-Ion INDEPENDANT
-unique, cause Bind to inside/outside of cell -helps Embryonic cell-MIGRATION & cell-to-cell interactions |
|
Pinocytosis:
|
in Pinocyt., (ECF) Extracell. Fluid= engulfed by small invaginations of the Cell Membrane
(NON-selective process) |
|
B1 (BETA-1) Receptors:
(5 protein-linked 2nd Mess.) |
INCREASES:
HR, Contractility Renin-Release LipoLYSIS aqueous humor formation |
|
Reticular Lamina:
|
formed by: FIBROBLASTS (in CT)
control of: PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTER |
|
2 receptors INCREASING Arteriolar VasoDILATION:
|
B2 (Beta-2)
& M3 |
|
(3)Amino Acid (AA) NTs:
|
1.Glutamate
2. GABA 3. Glycine |
|
ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum):
|
LACKS Ribosomes in SMOOTH ER (AGRANULAR);
Smooth ER-tends to be TUBULAR and contains: glucose-6-phosphatASE (an Enzyme used in the LIVER) |
|
V2 Receptors:
|
INCR. Water-PERMEABILITY& ABSORPTION (in the COLLECTING DUCTS)
|
|
3 Stimuli for (secr./conserv) of GASTRIN by G-CELLS:
|
1. Vagus (GRP-Gastrin Releasing Peptide);
2. SMALL Peptides; 3. DISTENSION of STOMACH |
|
Basement Membrane:
|
-structural support;
-selective barrier (btwn Epithelia & CT); -as a FILTER in: GLOMERULUS -Gas-Exchanger (in cells) |
|
G-Cells
Located in? Secrete? |
-loc.in: ANTRUM (Stomach)
-secrete: GASTRIN |
|
Positive Cooperativity:
|
initial binding of SUBSTRATE allows other substrates to bind more easily
|
|
FIBRINOGEN:
|
4% (of Total Plasma)
used in Blood Clotting, and changes into-->FIBRIN when clots |
|
Cell Source of INTRINSIC FACTOR?
|
PARIETAL CELLS
found:Body, Fundus of STOMACH |
|
IP3 causes:
(2nd Messenger) |
RELEASE of Ca++ From: (SR) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
-SA=derived from ER |
|
Rb & p53 control what?
|
what enters S-PHASE (cell cycle)
|
|
5 Biogenic AMINES NTs:
|
1. ACh (Acetylcholine)
2. Dopamine 3. NE 4. Serotonin 5. Histamine |
|
CENTRIOLES fxn?
|
production of CILIA/FLAGELLA
-but NOT nec. microtubule production |
|
Parietal Cells:
|
w/ the MANY MITOCHONDRIA needed to produce sufficient ATP to establish PROTON GRADIENT
|
|
Basal Lamina:
|
direct contact with the PLASMA MEMBRANE;
-LAMININ= made by: EPITHEL. Cells; -helps in FILTERING mech. (KIDNEY) |
|
NO (Nitric Oxide):
|
INSIDE many Target Cells, NO binds to--->enzyme (GUANALYL CYCLASE)...STIMUL--->formation of CYCLIC AMP (cAMP)
|
|
cAMP (2nd Messenger):
(cyclic AMP) |
Activates--> KINASE (add+ PHOSPHATE to molecules)
-Kinase= amplify signal to Activate---> Cascade Pathways (1-10-100) |
|
Parietal Cell major fxn?
|
HCL SECRETION!
-ACIDIFIES the LUMEN (Stomach) -convert:PEPSINOGEN-->PEPSIN |
|
(PRGs) Primary Response Genes:
|
gene influenced by TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and generated in response to 1st messengers
|
|
ACTH:
|
Peptide;
STIM-->Adrenal Cortex to Release GLUCOCORTICOIDS via 2nd mess. sys using cAMP; Release of ACTH = STIM by many types of STRESS -Glucocoritcoids= STRESS HORMONES |
|
Primary Active Transport:
|
energy (ATP) Released by: ATP-Hydrolysis --> drives SOLUTE movement AGAINST Gradient
|
|
Chief Cells
located? secrete? |
loc.in: BODY of Stomach
secrete: PEPSINOGEN |
|
process by which SOLUBLE-Hormones are SECRETED Into bloodstream and signal other Cells?
|
EXOCYTOSIS;
Cell-Surface RECEPTORS |
|
Receptor-Mediated ENDOcytosis:
|
-specific UPTAKE of Macromolec.'s such as: hormones & nutrients
-in process, LIGAND binds to--> Receptor Protein (on Cell Memb.) & then moves to a CLATHRIN-COATED PIT clathrin = (Protein) tht forms a POLYMER- Adding structure to UNDERSIDE (of COATED PIT) coated pit: invaginates to form a COATED VESICLE |
|
Receptors in Gs class:
(5) |
B1
B2 D1 H2 V2 |
|
in what region of HYPOTHALAMUS is (GnRH) Produced?
|
PREoptic Nucleus
|
|
Isolated System:
(Thermodynamic sys.) |
NO exchange of: Heat, Work, or Matter (with surroundings)
|
|
Enterocytes:
|
-cells exposed to LUMEN of INTESTINE in VILLI
-Absorb & Breakdown SMALL POLYMERS |
|
Desmosomes:
|
1. link cells
2. resist mechanical stress 3. made of: CADHERINS & IF-KERATINS |
|
Albumin:
|
-carrier molecule to move FAs through blood
-can take up to 30, usually 3 FAs |
|
Gastrin: released by? in response?
|
G-Cells
-in response to SMALL PEPTIDES |
|
Sodium-Potassium Pump:
(Na+/K+) |
3 Na+ OUT
2 K+ IN Net POSITIVE= OUT -cause: membrane to be MORE NEG. on INSIDE (NEG. MEMBRANE POTENTIAL) |
|
NeuroPODIUM:
|
the expanded TIPS of AXON TERMINALS @ the SYNAPSE
|
|
DNA POLYMERASE requires an ___ ____ to get started
|
RNA Primer
|
|
Arginine:
|
AA involved in NO (nitric oxide) SYNTHESIS
|
|
cardiac MYOCYTES:
|
1. CONTRACT thru intrinsic generated APs
2. it is then passed on to neighboring myocytes by:GAP jxns |
|
myofilaments:
|
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS (in muscle)
|
|
POSTganglionic Nerve Fibers:
|
(ANS) AUTONOMIC that terminate in Smooth or Cardiac Mus. (or in Glands)
-its CELL BODY lies in AUTONOMIC GANGLION |
|
PREganglionic Nerve Fibers:
|
(ANS) AUNTONOM. that TERMINATE & SYNAPSE in 1 of the AUTONOM. GANGLIA(ANS)
-its CELL BODY lies in: Brain & Spinal Cord |
|
Nerve (cranial,spinal):
|
group of AXONS (PNS) Peripheral
|
|
NeuroGANGLION:
|
a group of NEURON CELL BODIES
located: OUTSIDE of CNS |
|
Salivary DUCTS modify saliva by:
|
-REABSORPTION of (Na+,Cl-)
-SECRETE--> (K*, HCO3-) |
|
3 major types 2nd MESSENGERS:
|
1. Cyclic Nucleotides (cAMP & cGMP)
2. inositol triphosphate (IP3) & diacylglycerol (DAG) 3. Ca++ calcium ions |
|
A2 (ALPHA-2) Receptors:
|
G-PROTEIN LINKED (2nd Mess.)
-DEC. SYMPATHETIC outflow -DEC. Insulin resistance |
|
stimulus for (sec/cons) MUCOUS by Gastric Mucous Cells:
|
VAGUS (ACh)
|
|
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
located in? stimulated by? |
in CAROTID BODIES (of the AORTIC BODIES)
LOW PO2 & HIGH [H+] |
|
(ADH) Anti-Diuretic Hormone:
|
"VASOPRESSIN"
Small PEPTIDE Hormone, causes: COLLECTING DUCTS of Kidney to become Permeable to H20, REDUCING amt of Urine, and CONCENTRATING urine -since fluid=REabsorbed; ADH also INCR. B.P. -Coffee/Beer= ADH-BLOCKERS that INCR. Urine VOLUME |
|
Factors affecting ISF (interstitial fluid) Pressure:
|
-B.P., Plasma OSMOTIC Pressure;
-Interstitial OSMOTIC Press; -Permeability of Capillaries like veins, LYMPH VESSELS= constructed w/ intermittent VALVES allow fluid flow in 1 direction |
|
Histamine
type? found in? fxn? |
-(Local)MEDIATOR, derivative of HistiDINE;
-in MAST CELLS (part of Immune Sys)and many other cells -fxn by causing Blood Vessels to DILATE & become LEAKY, helping to cause INFLAMMATION |
|
source of EPINEPHRINE Hormone
|
Adrenal Glands & Neurons
|
|
4 components needed to progress into S-Phase:
|
1) Cyclin E
2) DNA Polymerase 3) Thymidine Kinase 4)Dihydrofolate Reductase |
|
Gastrulation:
|
process by which SINGLE-Layer BLASTULA becomes---> 3-layered GASTRULA
|
|
Adrenergic Nerve Fibers:
|
Release NE @ its Synapse when transmitting impulse
-most POSTganglionic Fibers of SNS(Sympathetic)=ADRENERGIC |
|
Tight Jxns:
|
-selective permeabil. barrier to small mol's btwn:LUMEN & INTERcellular Space
-Regulate PARAcellular transport -promote TRANScell. transport -organize Cell Polarity -maintain: electrical INSULATION/RESISTANCE |
|
Hemidesmosomes:
|
attach Cells to--->BM
IF-Keratin |
|
Occluding Jxns:
|
Zona Occludance
***TIGHT JXNS=hold cells togeth. |
|
Anchoring Jxns:
|
zona adherance: goes AROUND Cell; BELOW zona Occlud.)
-Macula Adherance: spot ADHERINES, "Desmosomes" |
|
D1 Receptors cause:
|
Renal VasoDILATION
|
|
D2 Receptors:
|
MODULATES transmitter-release (especially IN BRAIN)
|
|
3 STIMULI for HCL Secret/conserv by PARIETAL CELLS?
|
1.Vagus
2. Histamine 3. Gastrin |
|
Axon:
|
decides whether info.=excit/inhib.
|
|
NO:
type found in fxn |
(Local)Mediator, dissolved gas= made from ARGININE quickly converted to-->NITRATES/ITES (half life=5-10 secs) when it reacts with H20 and Oxygen)
-ENDOTHEL. Cells (LINING Blood Vessels, Nerve Cells) -cause SMOOTH Mus. Cells to RELAX, can Reg. BP, reg's Nerve Cell activity |
|
How Histamine STIM.'s--> Parietal Cell H (s/c)?
|
released frm Gastric MAST CELLS
-bind to-->Parietal H2 Receptors -via cAMP STIMUL-->H (s/c) |
|
Spinocerebellar TRACT:
|
carries info about BODY POSITION to the-->CEREBELL.
|
|
Acetyl CoA:
|
COENZYME which transfers 2-C's (from PYRUVATE) to-->4-C (OXALOACETIC ACID)
*Coenzyme to BEGIN KREBS Each TURN produces: 1 atp 3 NADH 1 FADH2 |
|
Secretory Vesicles:
|
continuously released by most cells in process-CONSTITUTIVE Secretion
-some of specialized cells can release secretory vesics in response to a CHEM or ELECTRICAL Stimulus=REGULATED secretion -some Proteins=Activated W/IN Secretory vesicles...Ex. PROinsulin=cleaves into Insulin only after secretory ves's Bud-Off of GOLGI |
|
Lysosomes
|
contain: ACID HYDROLASES (hydrolytic enzymes) tht fxn best @ acidic envir...Ex: (Proteases, Lipases, Nucleases, Glycosidases)
-tog. these enzymes=capable of brkDown all cells Intern. Macromolecules -lysosome ph=5 (gen) -they FUSE w/ ENDOcytotic vesicles (ves. formed by PHAGOCYT./PINocyt. & digest their contents -any mater. NOT degraded by Lysosomes= EJECTED from cell in EXOCYTOSIS |
|
STIMULUS for VAGUS (sec.conserv) of PEPSINOGEN by gastric CHIEF CELLS?
|
VAGUS ACh
|
|
TSH
|
"THYROTROPIN", a PEPTIDE
Stim.s-->Thyroid to RELEASE T3/T4 via: 2nd Mess. using cAMP -on Thyroid, TSH Incr.'s SIZE of Thyroid Cell, #, & Rate of Secretion of T3/4 -[T3/4]'s have NEG.- FEEDBACK Effect on TSH Release, Both Anter. Pituitary & Hypothal. |
|
Fatty Acids (FAs)
|
FAs converted into-->ACYL CoA along OUTER Memb. (MITOCHON.&ER)=expend 1 ATP
-they are then brought INTO MATRIX & 2C's @ a time=Cleaved from Acyl Coa to make-->ACETYL COA - this Rxn. also produces FADH2 & NADH ; for every 2C's taken from orig. Fa...acetyl coa then ENTERS KREBS cycle -Glycerol Backbone=converted to-->PGAL*** |
|
Parietal Cells
located in? secrete? |
Body (Stomach)
HCL & INTRINSIC FACTOR |
|
Proteins
structure fxn. Ex.'s |
POLYMERS of Amino Acids (AAs)
-enzymes, struc, communic, recognition, transport -EXs:Hemoglobin,enzyme,keratin |
|
Receptors INCREASING HR:
|
B1&B2 (BETA)receptors
|
|
Submandibular Gland CELLS
|
1. Serous; 2. Mucous cells
|
|
3 other NTs:
|
1. Peptides
2. NO/CO 3. Growth Factors (BDGF/NGF) |
|
how many ACETYL CoA (per GLUCOSE) ENTER TCA cycle?
|
2
12 ATPs per ACETYL CoA |
|
4. ACTIVE electrical properties of NEURONS:
|
1.Ligand/Voltage-Gated (Channels)
2. Voltage SENSORS & SELECTIVITY FIVERS 3. mech.s of activation/inactiv. 4. SALTATORY CONDUCTION |
|
Golgi Apparatus:
|
ORGANIZES & CONCENTRATEs the Proteins as they're shuttled-off by Transport VESICLES progressively OUTWARD from 1 compartment (or CISTERNA OF GOLGI) to the next
-Proteins=distinguished by their SIGNAL SEQ& CARB CHAINS -proteins NOT possessing Signal Seq=EXPELLED frm cell in process called: BULK FLOW |
|
Dorsal Root:
|
connects Spinal NERVE to CORD
-contains: "SENSORY FIBERS" arising from CELL BODIES in the Dorsal Root GANGLION |
|
(LMN) Lower Motor Neuron:
|
neurons coming OUT of Spin. Cord (PNS)
|
|
Vertebral Column:
|
meeting place for Sensory & Motor TRACTS
|
|
(EGF) Epidermal Growth Factor:
class found in Fxn. |
(Local)Mediator, Protein
-in various cells -STIMs Epidermal & many other cell types to PROLIFERATE |
|
(LMN) Lower Motor Neuron:
|
PERIPHERAL neuron (PNS)
originates in: VENTRAL HORNS (GRAY MATTER of Spinal Cord) terminate in: SKEL.Muscle |
|
Sublingual Gland cells:
|
mucous cells
|
|
AFFERENT Nerve Fibers:
|
SEND impulses FROM Periphery (PNS) TO-->CNS(Brain/spin.cord)
|
|
the AXONS of SENSORY NEURONS travel From DORSAL ROOT to the ____MATTER of the Spinal Cord?
|
GRAY
|
|
Protein Kinase:
|
controls switch proteins by Phosphorylating them
-often organized into Phosphorylation CASCADES- act as SIGNAL PROTEINS themselves |
|
Ventral Root:
connects contains |
Spinal NERVE to CORD
(Each ROOT forms frm Series of Rootlets) -contains "MOTOR FIBERS" arising frm. Ventral GRAY COLUMN of spinal cord |
|
Reticular Lamina
formed by type |
FIBROBLASTS in Conn.Tiss.
Type III COLLAGEN |
|
HydroPHOBIC(not very water-sol):
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-bound to-->Protein (in PLASMA)
-Diffuse INTO-->cells (Nucleus), which RAISES Protein SYNTH. -many side-effects |
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(PDGF)Platelet-Derived Growth Factor:
class found in fxn. |
(Local)Mediator, protein
various cells incl. blood PLATELET STIMs-->CELL PROLIFERATION |
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Indeterminate Cleavage:
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results in cells maintaining their TOTIOPOTENCY-ability to devel. into complete organism
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Central Chemoreceptors:
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loc.in: MEDULLA & respond to: changes in BRAIN ECF levels of PCO2.
INCR.PCO2 Stimul-->RESPIRAT. |
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cGMP (2nd Messenger)
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GTP-->cGMP
Activates--->KINASE |
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cGMP (cyclic GMP):
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-NO binds to--->GUANYL CYCLASE ...STIM.s-->Cyclic GMP formaton frm NUCLEOTIDE(GTP)
-small, INTRAcell.SIGNALING mol. that forms next link in signaling chain tht leads to cell's ultim. response. Ex.Viagra enhances pen erect by BLOCKING the degrad. of cGMP, prolonging NO signal. -very similar struc./mec. as cAMP |
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Feedback Inhibition:
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PRODUCT of pathway INHIBITS it
Ex. HEXOKINASE-1st enzyme in GLYCOLYSIS=INHIB.by 1st Product:Glucose-6-Phosphate |
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3. POSTtranscriptional modifications:
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1. 7-methyl guanine CAP (on 5'end)
2.Add. of POLY-A TAIL (3') 3. REMOVE INTRONS |
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ALPHA-SUBUNIT
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-has an INTRINSIC GTP-HYDROLYZING (GTPase) activity
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