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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Polio
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Replicates in gut
• Some nerve tissue of spine & brain • Contaminated food, water • Paralysis of legs, arms, trunk • Brain: difficulty swallowing and breathing • 95% cases asymptomatic |
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– Salk Vaccine
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• First developed
• Inactivated • Injected • Cannot get disease |
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- Sabine Vaccine
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o Attenuated
o Oral o Cheap o Risk of disease o Not used in US |
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Measles
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One of most infectious diseases
Respiratory droplets Vaccine (1963) - 99% ¯ For every 1000 children infected, 1-2 will die US cases • adopted from other countries before getting vaccine • unvaccinated by choice Leading cause of blindness among African children Kills 1 million children per year worldwide • Symptoms: – fever for several days – followed by cough, runny nose, pink eye – rash starts on face, then back, trunk, arms, hands legs, feet – contagious 4 days before & after rash |
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Mumps
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Swollen salivary glands
Painful to the touch Dangerous for men/boys Recent outbreak in NY & NJ – 1500+ cases – Summer camp in Catskills |
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Rubella (German Measles)
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• Usually mild disease in children
• Mild fever, rash on face & neck for 3 days • 12-23 days after exposure for symptoms to show up • If so mild, why are we vaccinated??? • Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) • early in pregnancy, 80% chance baby will have birth defects • deaf, blind, heart defects, mental retardation, miscarriage common • Why vaccinate everyone? • Last epidemic:1964-65 • 12.5mil. infected; 20K babies born w/CRS |
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MMR vaccine
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• Vaccine for Measles, Mumps & Rubella
– Several doses • 1998 - study suggesting link w/autism – Based on 12 children – 2004 - 10 of 13 authors retracted conclusions – Paper retracted Feb. 2010 • Herd Immunity: – Diphtheria: 85% – Measles: 83-94% Pertussis: 92-94% |
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• Influenza
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• Unique structure
• Envelope has spikes containing enzymes • Hemagglutinin (H) - virus attaches to cell • Neuraminidase (N) - helps new viruses get out • Several forms of H & N • Virus changes rapidly • Vaccine ineffective long-term Symtpoms • Sudden onset • Chills, fatigue, headache • Pain in chest, back, & legs • HIGH fever (104o), severe cough after 24 hr • Normally short-lived • Secondary infections problematic • Cause of death |
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Pandemic influenza
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1918 - 20 million died
– 1957 - 100,000 died – 1968 - 36,000 died – 1997 - boy in Hong Kong died from H5N1 – Millions animals slaughtered – China “stamped out” H5N1 in 2004 – Some estimate 100 million deaths if becomes human to human transmission |
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Adenovirus
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• Isolated from adenoid tissue
• Most frequent cause of upper respiratory infection • Common Cold • Fever, very sore throat, cough • Rule of thumb: above the neck = cold; below the neck = flu |
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Viral diseases of nervous system
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• Rabies
• Polio |
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Viral diseases of visceral organs
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• Yellow fever
• Dengue fever • Infectious mononucleosis • Hepatitis A |
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• Hepatitis A
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-Acute inflammatory disease of the liver
-Symptoms: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, abdominal pain, jaundice -Transmitted by contaminated food/water -Restaurants (poor hygiene of food handlers) -PF Chang’s in West Chester -Raw shellfish • Some people have relapse infection for 6-9 months • Can be sexually transmitted • Only get infected once • Vaccine available; recommended for people with liver disease, travelers, people who inject meds |
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• Hepatitis B
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-Also liver inflammatory disease
-Much more serious than Hep A -Can develop into chronic infection if untreated -Chronic infection leads to death in 15-25% -Linked to liver cancer -Transmitted via contact with blood/semen from infected individual -pay attention to cleanliness of your environment! • Transmitted via sex, sharing needles, accidental injection at work, mom to baby • Vaccine available: children 0-18 yrs get several doses • Recommended for healthcare workers, sex partners of infected ind., family members |
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• Hepatitis C
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-One of most common blood-borne infectious diseases; not as well understood
-Naomi Judd; Pamela Anderson -Causes chronic liver infection 55-85% -Chronic liver disease in 70% -Leading indicator for liver transplant -Sharing needles, job exposure, mom to baby -No vaccine |
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• Viral hemorrhagic fevers
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• Fever accompanied by severe bleeding lesions (blood everywhere)
• Ebola, Marburg, hantavirus (The Hot Zone) • Often fatal; infect humans & non-human primates • Often no carrier state - acute disease • Not spread by casual contact • Marburg outbreak spring 2005 in Angola |