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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1 NM - SM |
1.15 SM |
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1 SM - NM |
0.87 NM |
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1 KM - SM |
0.62 SM |
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1 SM - KM |
1.61 KM |
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1 INCH - CM |
2.54 CM |
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1 SM - YDS - FT |
1 SM - 1760 YDS - 5280 FT |
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1 YD - FT - INCHES |
1 YD - 3 FT- 36 INCHES |
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1 FT - INCHES |
1 FT - 12 INCHES |
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1 IMP. GAL. - LITRES |
1 IMP GAL - 4.85 LITRES |
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1 LITRE - US QUART |
1 LITRE - 1.06 US QUARTS |
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1 US. GAL - QTS - PINTS |
1 USG - 4 QUARTS - 8 PINTS |
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1 US. GAL - PINTS - OUNCES |
1 US. GAL - 8 PINTS - 128 OUNCES |
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1 IMPERIAL GAL - IMP. PINTS - IMP. OUNCES |
1 IMPERIAL GAL. - 8 IMP. PINTS - 160 IMP. OUNCES |
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1 US GAL. - IMP. GAL |
1 US. GAL - 0.83 IMP. GAL |
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1 US. GAL. - LITRES |
1 US. GAL - 3.78 LITRES |
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FUEL - LBS/ US. GAL |
FUEL - 6 LBS/ US. GAL |
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OIL - LBS/US. GAL |
OIL - 7.5 LBS/US GAL |
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OIL - LBS/US QUARTS |
OIL - 1.9 LBS/ US QUARTS |
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1 TON - LBS 1 TONNE - LBS |
1 TON - 2000 LBS 1 TONNE - 2200 LBS |
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1 LB - OUNCES - GRAMS |
1 LB - 16 OUNCES - 450 GRAMS |
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28 GRAMS - OUNCE |
28 GRAMS - 1 OUNCE |
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Ratio |
Comparing numbers |
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Proportion |
Statement of equality between ratios |
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Proper fraction always |
Less than one |
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When adding fractions multiply |
Multiply denominators to get LCD |
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2500 of 40% of MAX RPM |
2500 ÷ 0.4 = 6250 RPM (MAX) |
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Gearbox to engine ratio 2:7 |
2:7 -> 1:3.5 = x:x(3.5) |
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G M k m ų n |
Giga Mega kilo milli micro nano |
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C = F |
5/9 (F-32) |
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F = C |
F = [1.8 C] +32 |
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F , E , R , L+I |
Fulcrum Effort Resistance Arms |
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E×L= |
R×I |
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LEVERS PROVIDE |
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE |
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Mechanical advantage |
Force Out / Force In |
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Class I Lever |
Crowbar Shears Pliers Fulcrum located between E and R |
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Class II LEVERS |
Wheelbarrow Fulcrum left of L, I, R, AND E |
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Class III LEVERS |
Landing Gear NO MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE fulcrum, L, I, E, R |
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Useful Load |
Payload (Flight Crew, Px, Cargo, Baggage) and Fuel + Non Required Water and Fluid (Potable Water + Spare Hydraulic Cans) |
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Force Times Distance Creates |
TORQUE, THEREFORE CAUSES ROTATION |
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Datum |
Imaginary vertical plane from which horizontal measurements are taken for balancing purposes |
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Arm |
Horizontal Distances in Inches from datum to item location |
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Basic Empty Weight |
Includes all operating equipment ( airframe, powerplant, required equipment, special or optional equipment, hydraulic fluid, full usable engine oil, residual water and fuel ) |
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Ramp Weight |
Basic Empty Weight + Payload + Usable Fuel |
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Take Off Weight |
Ramp Weight - Fuel for Start, Taxi, Takeoff + Engine Run Up |
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Landing Weight |
Take Off Weight - Fuel Burned During Flight |
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Center of Gravity |
Point at which Nose and Tail moments exactly equal in Magnitude. Balance point for aircraft always refer to datum. |
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Tare |
Weight of chocks, blocks, stands used when weigh aircraft |
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FL, WL, WL, BL |
Fuselage lines, water lines, wing lines, butt lines |
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Find MAC PERCENTAGE |
CG-LEMAC ÷ TEMAC-LEMAC |
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Overloading Problems |
Higher Takeoff Speed Longer Takeoff Run Service Ceiling, Rate of Climb, Cruising Speed, Range, Manoevrability Reduced Excessive Loads on Structure Landing Gear Higher Landing Speed therefore Longer Landing Roll |
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CG Forces |
Longitudinal forces must be balanced. If CG within limits,will have good longitudinal stability and control |
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Too Aft CG |
Not enough elevator authority for nosedown recovery CG too near C of Lift makes for unstable and therefore unrecoverable fatal attitudes |
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Too Fore CG |
Not enough elevator authority for noseup recovery + longer takeoff roll Downward tail load increased to maintain level flight(same effect as additional weight) Harder landing, can't Flare properly |
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Weight and CG Limits provided by ___ and controlled by |
OEMS, Operators |
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Operators must ensure |
Basic Weight and Balance accurate and available to pilot. ( Pilot controls loading and fuel management) |
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Maintenance Personnel 1 |
Records entries for Repair/Modifications Done + Equipment removed/added |
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Maintenance Personnel 2 |
Ensure weight and balance data in Aircraft Records current and Accurate after Annual Inspection |
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Maintenance Personnel 3 |
Reweigh Good Practice: new paint, dirt, additional small modifications add weight CARs 571c Weight Balance Control |
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Small Aircraft Reweigh |
If lost weight and balance report, or major alterations like LRUs, wiring, plugs No periodic reweigh + balancing, for privately owned aircraft, BUT MUST HAVE VALID WEIGHT AND BALANCE REPORT |
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Small Aircraft Equipment Installation/Removal Requires |
Mathematical calculations only - no reweigh. |
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Large Aircraft Reweigh |
As per small aircraft and. Aircraft with 6000+ lb payload CARs 625c9 ALL LARGE AIRCRAFT UPDATE WB EVERY 5 YEARS |
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Large Aircraft Periodic For |
Air Taxi, Air Charter, Commercial Airline, Private BJ, OR seating capacity of 20+ |
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Aircraft Preparation |
Fuel System, Oil System, Hydraulic System, Water System, Flight Controls, Installed Equipment, MISC. Parts, Doors+Windows+Canopies+Seats Normal Flight Position, Cleanliness+Brakes, Environment, Equipment Calibration |
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Aircraft Axis while Weighing and Balancing |
Must be balanced, especially longitudinal. Lateral not as important in light fixed wings, but still make level. |
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Levelled to Simulate |
Normal Flight Attitude |
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Levelling Tools to Attain Normal Attitude |
Spirit Level or Laser/Spirit Combo can be used Spirit Level can be used on floor of aircraft Remove air from tire can help Level. |
