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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Clinical Study or Trial
A study concerned with determining whether a single variable or treatment (usually a vaccine, drug, therapy, etc.) can cause a certain effect (a disease, a cure, a symptom, etc.)
Quota Sample
The systematic effort for the sample to be representative of the population by forcing the proportion of various groups in the sample to match the proportions of these groups in the population.
Stratified Sample
A subgroup of the population that is picked by first dividing the population into groups of like individuals (homogeneous groups) and then picking a random sample from each of these homogeneous groups.
Control Group
The subjects in a study who receive no treatment.
Blind Study
Research in which the subjects do not know if they are in either the treatment or the control group.
Population
The whole group of individuals or objects a study or statistical statement refers to. “N” of the number of individuals or objects.
Simple Random Sample
A subgroup of the population in which every individual in the population has the same chance of being picked for the subgroup.
Placebo Effect
The results that are caused by the subjects’ beliefs that they are getting a treatment when, in fact, they are not.
Sampling Variability
This is caused by the fact that different samples will give different statistics.
Convenient Sample
A subgroup of the population that is picked because these individuals are the easiest for the data collector to contact.
Sampling Rate or Sampling Proportion
The ratio of the sample size to the population size.
Treatment Group
The group of subjects that the researcher does something to (administers a drug, has individuals participate in a particular therapy, etc.)
Parameter
A number that comes from a population.
Response Rate
The proportion of the sample that responds.
Double Blind
Research in which neither the subjects nor the data collectors know who is in the treatment and control groups.
Controlled Study
Research in which one group receives a placebo rather than the treatment.
Sample
A subgroup of the population.
Confounding Variables
Things that might confuse the outcome of the study because they often influence the response variable or the data being collected.
Statistic
A number that comes from a sample.
Survey
The process of collecting data from a subgroup of the population.
Nonresponse Bias
This is what a survey suffers from when the response rate is low.
Sampling Frame
The subset of the population or a list of the entire population (if N isn’t too large) from which the sample is drawn.
Census
The process of collecting data from every member of the population.
Data
The information gathered in research.
Randomized Controlled Study
Research in which the subjects are randomly placed into treatment and control groups.
Sampling Error
The difference between the statistic and parameter of a population.
Volunteer Sample
A sample that is always biased and unreliable.
1/16
The probability of getting 4 heads when tossing 4 coins.
15/16
The probability of not getting 4 heads when tossing 4 coins.
Statistic
Word that describes a number that comes from a sample.
Simple random sample
Type of sample in which everyone in the population has an equal chance of being in the sample.
Double-blind experiment
Type of experiment in which neither the subjects nor the treatment administrator knows who is in the treatment or who is in the control group.
Parameter
The word for the number that comes from the population.
Mode
Item of data that occurs most often.
2
The number that completes this statement. In a normal distribution, 95% of the population falls within ___ standard deviations of the mean.
-1
The standardized score for the 16th %ile.
1
The odds in favor of getting heads when tossing a coin.
5
The odds against getting a 3 when rolling one die.
Histogram
Graph that is used with grouped data.
Relative frequency
Term used to describe the proportion as in 11 out of 25 or 11/25 of the class got A’s.
Boxplot
A graph that uses a rectangular box that extends from Quartile 1 (Q1) to Quartile 3 (Q3) with a vertical line at the median. Good comparing similar data & for use with "outliers". "Whiskers" extend to the min and the max outliers on the graph.
50%
Proportion represented by the box in a boxplot.
75th %ile
Percentile that is the third quartile.
10/100
Probability that if there are 10 tickets with the word “winner” in a box of 100 tickets that the first one picked will have “winner” on it.
9/99
Probability that if the first ticket picked was a winner that the second one will also be a winner.
Sampling error
Term that describes the Mathematical difference between the statistic and the parameter.
The 84th %ile
Percentile that is the standardized score of 1.
Placebo
Term that describes the sugar pills that are sometimes given to subjects in an experiment.
Control
The group that is given the placebo.
Symmetric
Word that describes the shape of the Normal Distribution.
Confounding
Type of variables that confuse the results of an experiment.
Volunteer sample
Sample that is biased and unreliable.
2.5 %ile
Percentile that corresponds with the standardized score of -2.