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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Maintenance of balance between heat loss and heat production
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Thermoregulation
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Heat production
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Thermogenesis
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Heat production process unique to the newborn accomplished primarily by brown fat and secondarily by increased metabolic activity in the brain, heart, and liver.
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Nonshivering thermogenesis
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Flow of heat from the body surface to cooler ambient air. Two measures to reduce heat loss by this method would be to keep the ambient air at 24C and wrap the infant.
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convection
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Loss of heat from the body surface to a cooler, solid surface no in direct contact but in relative proximity. To prevent this type of heat loss, cribs and examining tables are placed away from outside windows and care is taken to avoid direct air drafts
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radiation
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Loss of heat that occurs when a liquid is converted to vapor; in the newborn heat loss occurs when moisture from the skin is vaporized. This heat loss can be intensified by failure to dry the newborn directly after birth or by drying the newborn too slowly after a bath.
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evaporation
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Loss of heat from the body surface to cooler surfaces in direct contact. When admitted to the nursery, the newborn is placed in a warmed crib to minimize heat loss. Placing a protective cover on the scale when weighing the newborn will also minimize heat loss by this method.
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conduction
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High body temperature that develops more rapidly in newborn than in the adult. The newborn has a decreased ability to increase evaporative skin water losses because sweat glands do not function sufficiently to allow the newborn to sweat; serious overheating can cause cerebral damage from dehydration or heat stroke and death.
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hyperthermia
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Pinkish, easily blanched areas on the upper eyelids, nose, upper lip, back of head, and nape of neck. They are also known as stork bites.
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telangiectatic nevi
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Overlapping of cranial bones to facilitate passage of the fetal head through the maternal pelvis during the process of labor and birth.
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molding
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generalized, easily identifiable edematous area of the scalp usually over the occiput area
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Caput succedaneum
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Collection of blood between skull bone and its periosteum as a result of pressure during birth
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Cephalhematoma
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Bluish-black pigmented areas usually found of back and buttocks.
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mongolian spots
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Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet, especially when chilled.
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Acrocyanosis
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White, cheesy substance that coats and protects the fetus's skin while in utero.
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vernix caseosa
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White facial pimples caused by distended sebaceous glands.
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Milia
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Yellowish skin discoloration caused by increased level of serum bilirubin.
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Jaundice
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Thick, tarry, dark green-black stool usually passed within 24 hours of birth.
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meconium
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Sudden, transient newborn rash characterized by erythematous macules, papules, and small vesicles.
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Erythema toxicum
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Transient cross-eyed appearance lasting until the third or fourth month of life.
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Pseudostrabismus
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Color variation related to vasoconstriction on one side of the body and vasodilation on the other side of the body
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Harlequin sign
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Accumulation of fluid in the scrotum, around the testes.
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Hydrocele
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Monilia infection of the oral cavity resulting in white plaques on buccal mucosa and tongue that bleed when touched.
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Thrush
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Membranous area formed where skull bones join.
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Fontanel
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soft, downy hair on face, shoulders, and back.
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Lunugo
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Bleeding into a potential space in the brain that contains loosely arranged connective tissue; it is located beneath the tendinous sheath that connects the frontal and occipital muscles and forms the inner surface of the scalp. The injury occurs as a result of forces that compress and then drag the head through the pelvic outlet.
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Subgaleal hemorrhage
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Peeling of the skin that occurs in the term infant a few days after birth; if present at birth, it may be an indication of post maturity.
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Desquamation
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Flat red to purple birth mark composed of a plexus of newly formed capillaries in the papillary layer of corium; it caries in size, shape, and location, but it is usually found on the neck and face. It does not blanch under pressure or disappear.
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Port wine stain
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Birth mark consisting of dilated, newly formed capillaries occupying the entire dermal and subdermal layers with associated connective tissue hypertrophy; it is typically a raised, sharply demarcated bright or dark red, rough-surfaced swelling that may proliferated and become more vascular as the infant grows; usually is found as a single lesion on the head.
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Strawberry Hemangioma
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Slightly blood-tinged mucoid vaginal discharge associated with an estrogen decrease after birth
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Pseudomenstruation
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Foreskin
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Prepuce
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White cheesy substance commonly found under the foreskin
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Smegma
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Small, white, firm cysts seen at the tip of the foreskin.
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Epithelial pearls
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Extra digits, fingers or toes.
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Polydactyly
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fused fingers or toes
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Syndactyly
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variations in the state of consciousness of newborn infants
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sleep wake states
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The 2 sleep states.
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deep light
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The newborn sleeps about _______ hours a day, when periods of wakefulness gradually __________.
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16-18
increasing |
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the 4 wake states
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1. drowsy
2. quite alert 3. active alert 4. crying |
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The optimum state of arousal in which the infant can be observed smiling, responding to voices, watching faces, vocalizing, and moving in synchrony.
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quiet alert
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Ability of the newborn to respond to internal and external environmental factors by controlling sensory input and regulating the sleep-wake states thereby making smooth transitions between states.
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State modulation
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Protective mechanism that allows the infant to become accustomed to environmental stimuli. it is a psychologic and physiologic phenomenon in which the response to a constant or repetitive stimulus is decreased.
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habituation
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quality of alert states and ability to attend to visual and auditory stimuli while alert
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Orientation
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Individual variations in a newborn's primary reaction pattern. The three major types are the _______ child, _______ child, and ________ child.
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Temperament; easy, slow to warm up, difficult
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Child that demonstrates regularity in bodily functions, readily adapts to change, has a predominantly, positive mood and moderate sensory threshold, and approaches new situations or objects with a moderate response.
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easy child
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Child that has a low activity level, withdraws with first exposure to new stimuli, is slow to adapt and low in intensity of response, and is somewhat negative mood.
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slow to warm up
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Child that is irregular in bodily function, intense in reactions, generally negative in mood, and resistant to change or new stimuli and often cries loudly for long periods.
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difficult
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Apply pressure to feet with fingers, when the lower limbs are semi-flexed-legs extended against examiner's pressure.
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Magnet
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Place infant supine on flat surface and make a loud abrupt noise- symmertic abduction and extension of arms, fingers fan out, thumb and forefinger form a C; arms are then adducted into an embracing motion and return to relaxed flexion and movement.
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Moro
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Place finger in palm of hand or at base of toes-infant's fingers curl around examiners finger, toes curl downward.
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Grasp
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Place infant prone on flat surface, run finger down side of back forst on one side then down the other 4 to 5 cm lateral to supine-body flexes and pelvis swings toward stimulated side.
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Truncal incuration (Galant)
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Tap over forehead, bridge of nose, or maxilla when eyes are open-blinks for first 4 or 5 taps.
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Glabellar (Myerson)
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use finger to stroke sole of foot beginning at heel, upward along lateral aspect of sole, then across ball of foot-all toes hyperextended, with dorsiflexion of big toe.
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Babinski
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Anal sphincter responds to touch by opening and closing
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Wink reflex
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Testes retract when infant is chilled
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Cremasteric
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touch infant's lip, cheek, or corner of mouth with nipple-turns head toward stimulus, opens mouth, takes hold, and sucks.
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Rooting
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Place infant in a supine position, turn head to side-arm and leg extend on side to which head is turned while opposite arm and leg flex.
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Tonic neck
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Hold infant vertically, allowing one foot to touch table surface-infant alternates flexion and extension of its feet.
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Stepping (walking)
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Tough or depress tip of tongue-tongue is forced outward.
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Extrusion
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Place infant in supine then extend one leg, press knee downward, and stimulate bottom of foot-opposite leg flexes, adducts, and then extends.
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Crossed extension
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