Mass Comm Test 2

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ENIAC

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The first all-electronic computer created by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania in the 1940s.

It weighed 2 tons and was 2 stories tall.

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3 Most Popular Uses of Internet

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World Wide Web

Email

Apps - computer program designed for mobile devices

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Cyberbullying

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Deliberately intimidating someone via Internet

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Benjamin Franklin

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Took over Pennsylvania Gazette in 1792 at 24 years old. Credited with being first successful colonial newspaper.

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Public Occurrences both Foreign and Domestic

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First American newspaper.

Published by Benjamin Harris, 1690.

Colony official shut down after 1st issue due to rumor abut king and affair.

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Political Press

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During American Revolution most newspapers were partisan to crown or colonies: developed concept of political press.

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The First Amendment

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Ratified 1791: Congress can make no law abridging freedom of speech or press.

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Penny Press

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Associated with Benjamin Day. Papers that tried to appeal to masses with broader story topics (violence, sex, human interests, etc.) and lower cost (1 cent per issue)

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Yellow Journalism

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Sensationalized journalism, popular in 1890's emphasizing sex, murder, popular medicine, human interest, etc. Used big banner headlines and pictures to draw interest. (Tabloids)

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Ethel L Payne

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Started the Chicago Defender. Civil rights activist. Only woman invited to see civil rights bill signed in Oval Office.

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Classification of Daily Newspapers

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Must publish at least 5 days a week.

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Legacy of Newspapers

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"Journalism is the first rough draft of history." - Philip Graham, Washington Post publisher

- record of daily life

-valies timeliness transfer to online counterparts

-Yellow journalism

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Sarah Josepha Buell Hale

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Creator of Godey's Lady's Book (first home/women's magazine)

Wrote "Mary Had a Little Lamb"

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Muckrakers

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Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt to describe reform movement supported by press in 1890s.

Journalists who exposed corrupt business and politicians.

Made popular by Ida Turbell

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3 Types of Magazines Appearing between WW I & II

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1. Digests (Reader's Digest, 1922) - reprinted articles in condensed form.

2. Newsmagazines (Time, 1923)

3. Pictorial Magazines (Life, 1936)

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Ways of Circulation

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Primary, Pass-along, and control.

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Primary Circulation

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Those who subscribe or pay at newsstand.

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Pass-Along Circulation

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Those who pick up a copy (through a friend, office, etc.)

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Controlled Circulation

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Specific qualifications for those who receive it (airline magazines, school magazines, etc.)

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Legacy of Magazines

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Most specialized audiences: specific demographics, geographic

In-tune with trends: trade publications, interest groups, political

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Jeff Bozos

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Founded Amazon.com, biggest book-seller in world, in 1994 as online company. Based in Seattle. Opened physical bookstore in Seattle, 2015.

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Dime Novels

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Paperback books that cost ten cents.

Became popular during Civil War, due to low cost.

By late 1880s, many best-selling paperbacks were pirated editions of best-sellers.

Lead to strict copyright laws.

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Legacy of Books

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Least mass of mass media: took 40 years to sell 20 million copies of "Gone With The Wind", but 50 million watched the movie when it came on TV.

Oldest and most enduring medium (today students still prefer print version of textbooks).

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KDKA

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First radio station broadcasted in 1920 by Frank Conrad in his garage in Pittsburgh.

Featured recorded music, sports scores, and sometimes his son's music.

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WEAF

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AT&T's station that starting selling time to broadcast on to anyone who wanted to around 1925-30

Created relationship of broadcasting and advertising. *Most revenue comes from local advertising

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AM Radio

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AM = amplitude modulated

AM was the first broadcast band.

AM travels farther than FM, but does not have as clear of a sound.

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FM Radio

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FM = frequency modulated

Developed by Edwin Howard Armstrong.

In mid-1930s, Armstrong demonstrated FM radio to his friend, David Sarnoff, the head of RCA. Sarnoff was interested in promoting TV, and was uninterested in FM radio and its technical advantages.

By 1940, Armstrong sol the rights to manufacture FM radio to several companies.

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Top 40 Format

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As TV became popular, radio starting dying.

Radio companies started monitoring record sales and playing popular music to gain/keep listeners.

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Telecommunications Act of 1996

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Eliminated cap on number of stations a company could own in a single market.

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Internet Radio

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2000: Tim Westergren starts Pandora internet radio with free and paid options.

2007: The Copyright Royalty Board increases rates for internet radio.

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Satellite Radio

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2008: XM and Sirius (two satellite radio companies) merge into Sirius XM.

Satellite Radio offers talk shows and commercial-free music for a monthly charge.

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Legacy of Radio

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Portability - most listening happens during commute times, known as drive times from 6am-10am and 4pm-7pm.

Supplemental - listening happens while doing something else (generally)

Selective - different programs for different interests.

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Victrola

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Developed in 1906 by Victor Talking Machine Company (Founded by Emile Berliner).

Gramophone disk player designed to look like a piece of furniture.

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Payola/Relationship Between Radio and Recording Industry

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1959 - _____ scandal: artists bribing DJ's for air time. tarnished recording industry's reputation.

Attempt to clean up image with more wholesome talent.

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Analog Technique

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Sound recording technology that etched sound into grooves of vinyl disk or magnetic tapes.

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Effect of Online File-sharing on Recording Industry

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Profits decline, partially due to file-sharing websites such as Napster and Pirate Bay.

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Legacy of Recording Industry

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First medium to be drastically affected by shift from tangible to bits of info

Helped characterize social groups and define trends

Internation enterprise (artists tour around the world)

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Kinetoscope

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Developed in 1889 by Thomas Edison and William Dickson, first practical motion picture camera and viewing device.

Cost 1 cent to view.

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Citizen Kane

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1941: Stars Orson Wells.

Loosely based on William Randolph Hearst's life.

Hearst as so unhappy about this movie, he did not allow any of his papers to feature anything about the movie.

Some critics considered best American film ever made.

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Motion Picture Association of America Rating System

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MPAA introduces rating system for movies in 1968: G, PG, R, and X (X does not mean pornographic)

1985: PG-13 is added

1990 NC-17 replaces X rating (to avoid confusion with pornographic industry)

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Legacy of Motion Pictures

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Highest cost of any mass medium

Social experience - only medium that exposes large audiences to same content at once.

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Three Major TV Networks

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Known as "The Big Three"

CBS, NBC, and ABC. Lifted early network programs from radio onto TV

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Public Broadcasting Act of 1967

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Establishes Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the Public Broadcasting Services (PBS) - known for educational programs. Funded by grants, taxes, and donations.

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Satellite Television Ownership

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2 major providers: DirectTV (AT&T) and Dish

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Time Shifting

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Came about with VCR

Act of playing programs at times other than when they aired.

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Sweeps

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Conducted by Neilson Media Research 4 times a year to measure local stations and complies data for viewer habits.

Stations use to leverage ad sales.

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3 Types of TV Advertisements

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1. Local Ads

2. National Advertisers - general consumption items (Super Bowl commercial, etc.)

3. National Sport Ads - national companies use products used in specific regions (snowmobiles, farm equipment, etc.)

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Legacy of Television

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Dominant medium for news and entertainment

Prime Time (7-10pm central) shows reach 15 million households in US

At least one piece of extra equipment is needed

Pay extra (for premium content or internet)