Masonry

Front 1

standard size

Back 1

building brick (common brick)

Front 2

molding brick (three processes)

Back 2

1. stiff mud process - forces the mixture through a die, extruding clay ribbon that is cut into bricks

2. dry-press process - dry mix is pressed into gang molds by plungers under high pressure (most accurate)

3. soft mud process - uses molds which moist clay is pressed by into

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grade SW

Back 3

severe weathering, heavy rain, snow, or freezing

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grade MW

Back 4

moderate weathering, average rain, moderate freezing

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grade NW

Back 5

no weather, areas of minimal rain and no freezing, sheltered or indoor locations

Front 6

face brick

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brick that will be exposed to view, made from controlled mixtures of clay or shale and carefully manufactured to produce high quality units in specific sizes, textures, and colors.

available in SW and MW

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grade FBX

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Face brick. high degree of mechanical perfection, narrow color range, and min. size variation

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grade FBS

Back 8

Face brick. greater size variation and wide color range

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grade FBA

Back 9

Face brick. non-uniform in size, color and texture

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hollow brick

Back 10

classified by factors affecting appearance, similar to face brick

available in SW and MW

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grade HBX

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Hollow brick. high degree of mechanical perfection, min. size variation, and narrow color range

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grade HBS

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Hollow brick. greater size variation and wide color range

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grade HBA

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Hollow brick. non-uniform in size color, and texture

Front 14

brick types

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back up brick - used behind face brick

paving brick - hard and dense

fire brick - made with great resistance to high temperature, fire places

sewer brick - low absorption

adobe brick - mixture of clay and straw, placed in molds and dried in sun

nail-on brick - interiors

hollow brick - net cross-sectional area is less than 60% of its gross

Front 15

brick terms (5)

Back 15

Front 16

shapes of cut brick (6)

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Front 17

Brick positions and courses

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Laid with end or cull exposed called header

Laid with face exposed called stretcher

Front 18

temperature for laying brick

Back 18

40 - 90 degrees F for best results

Front 19

mortar absorption

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brick should be wetted prior to setting to minimize absorption of water from mortar. loss of water from mortar will cause mortar to set to soon.

thickness 1/4" - 1/2" (three bricks plus three joints equals 8")

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brick bonding

Back 20

pattern at which bricks are laid

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efflorescence

Back 21

white powdery deposit on the masonry surface caused by soluble salts in the units or in the mortar

can be removed by washing with high pressure water, light sandblasting, or washing with a 5% solution of muriatic acid in water (most common)

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CMU (concrete masonry unit)

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- concrete block

nominal 8x8x16, actual dimensions 7-5/8x7-5/8x15-4/8, allow for 3/8" mortar joint

- grades: N more severe exposure, S protection from weather

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glass blocks

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- solid or hollow,

- several standard sizes based on 4" module

- never for support of structural loads

- special consideration for mortar mix and control joints

- introduction 1930's

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stone

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- one of the original natural materials

- today used for aggregates or as a surface finish material in form of veneer, paving, shingles, counter tops, etc.

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stone classification (3)

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1. igneous

2. sedimentary

3. metamorphic

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common stone forms

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rough stone - natural stone

rubble stone - irregular stone with at lease one good face

dimension stone - cut stone used for surface veneers, toilet partitions, flooring, stair treads, etc.

flagstone - thin slabs used for paving, treads, counter tops

monumental stone - used for sculpture, monuments, gravestones, etc.

crushed stone - used as aggregate for concrete, asphaltic concrete, terrazzo, etc.

stone dust - used as filler in asphalt flooring, shingles, paints, etc.

Front 27

stone masonry (2 groups)

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1. rubble masonry - stones are left in their natural rough state

2. ashlar masonry - stones are shaped and smoothed in rectangular blocks

further categorized as coursed, uncoursed, or random

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bond stone

Back 28

with its longest dimension perpendicular to the wall face to tie the wall to its backing

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mortar

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composed of cement plaster, sand, lime, and water (may be tested for slump of flow similar to concrete)

lime is used to improve workability and water retentivity, although it reduces the strength of the mortar

Front 30

stone veneer joints

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Front 31

stone veneer anchoring

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Front 32

mortar joints (9)

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