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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eutrophication is very detrimental to the development of coral since it increases:
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A) the amount of nutrients in the water, hence increasing stimulating the overgrowth of algae
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The most common type of coral reefs around the world:
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E) fringing
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In a typical fringing reef, most of the live coral is found on the:
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C) reef crest
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Fringing and barrier reefs develop:
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C) along a coast
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Generally, one important distinction between barrier and fringing reefs is that barrier reefs:
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B) develop farther away from land
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Spur-and-groove formations, or buttresses, appear to be the result of:
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E) wind and waves
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Most atolls are found in the:
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A) Indo-west Pacific region
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Atolls actually start as a:
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A) fringing reef
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Aside from zooxanthellae, what is the other important primary producer in a coral reef?
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A) turf algae
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Primary production is very high in coral reefs but low in surrounding waters. One reason for this is that:
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C) nutrients are efficiently recycled
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Reef corals compete with soft corals for space. One competitive advantage of soft corals is their:
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B) toxic chemicals
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The recruitment of coral reef fishes seems to be the result of one of these phenomena:
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D) the outcome of competition is based mostly on chance
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The sweeper tentacles of corals contain:
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B) nematocysts
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Obligate symbionts are those organisms that:
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E) live only on a living host
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Giant clams are very large in size because of their ability to:
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E) have zooxanthellae
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The epipelagic is divided into two components: the oceanic waters and the:
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neritic zone
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Most of the primary production carried out in the open ocean is performed by:
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C) phytoplankton
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Nanoplankton consists mostly of very small:
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A) phytoplankton
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The net phytoplankton consists mostly of:
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B) diatoms and dinoflagellates
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Most zooplankton feed on:
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E) mostly nanoplankton and phytoplankton
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The most abundant group in the zooplankton:
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Copepods
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Krill are more closely related to
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Crabs
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Larvaceans are:
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Planktonic Chordates
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One of these groups builds a mucus "house":
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C) larvaceans
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Only one of these is part of the meroplankton:
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E) snail larvae
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Arrow worms are:
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B) carnivores
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Most nekton feed on:
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D) other nekton
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One of the following is an adaptation to the planktonic way of life except one:
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C) decrease in drag
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The storage of lipids within the body is an adaptation in plankton since lipids:
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E) are less dense than water
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The neuston consist of animals that:
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E) float on the surface
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Countershading is a form of:
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D) protective coloration
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The rete mirabile found in some fishes is involved in:
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E) conserving body heat
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Zooplankton that migrates vertically:
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D) stay below the photic zone during the day, and feed at the surface at night
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Most animals in the epipelagic are omnivores. This means that they eat:
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A) producers and consumers
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What is the relationship between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacteria in the epipelagic?
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A) bacteria feed on the DOM, making it available to other animals in the food chain that feed on bacteria
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The most common limiting nutrient in the ocean is:
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Nitrogen
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Where is primary production the least?:
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Gyres
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The fall bloom in temperate waters is caused when:
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D) primary production increases as nutrients increase
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Equatorial upwelling occurs as a result of:
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D) winds causing the Ekman transport of surface water offshore
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The Southern Oscillation can be described as:
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A) relative changes between two pressure systems
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The mesopelagic zone refers to the ocean depths in which there is:
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C) dim light, but not enough for plant growth
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In addition to food, deep-water animals depend on the surface for:
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D) oxygen
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The mesopelagic zone extends from about 200 m to about:
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C) 1,000 m
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The main thermocline is located:
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A) in the mesopelagic
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Photophores are:
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E) light-producing organs
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Common adaptations of mesopelagic fishes include all of the following except:
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B) large size
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Non-vertical migrating mesopelagic fishes are characterized by having:
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D) large eyes
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The deep-scattering layer (DSL) is a sound-reflecting layer that consists of:
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E) migrating fishes
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The tubular eyes of some mid-water animals are adapted for:
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A) increasing the field of vision
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The presence of bioluminescent organs on the underside of mid-water fishes is involved in:
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E) counterillumination
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Bioluminescence is used by mid-water animals in all of these except in:
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B) warning coloration
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The water below the oxygen minimum layer has:
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D)most of the oxygen it had when it left the surface
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The pelagic animals living in the waters of the ocean trenches is included in one of these zones:
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B) hadal pelagic
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The zone immediately below the bathyal zone is called the:
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A) abyssal
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Deep-sea pelagic fishes are characterized by all of the following except:
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C) color spotted with red
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An important feeding adaptatin among deep-sea fishes:
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C) ability to eat prey bigger than themselves
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Pheromones are special chemicals that are used to:
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B) attract mates
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The deep-sea benthos consists mostly of:
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A) deposit feeders
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The deep-sea scavengers include animals that feed on:
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Deadanimals
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The "experimental lunch" that was left on the Alvin as it rested on the bottom revealed that deep- sea bacteria:
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D) grow slower than shallow-water species
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The energy source for the bacteria that thrive around deep-sea hydrothermal vents is:
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E) tube-worm tissues
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Bacteria thriving around deep-sea hydrothermal vents are:
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E) chemiosynthetic
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The giant deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm feeds on:
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E) none of the above: the worm does not have a mouth
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The major advantage that deep-sea benthic animals have over pelagic ones is that their food:
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B) falls to the bottom and stays in one place, thus being available for a longer time
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A shrimp that occurs in large numbers around deep-sea hydrothermal vents does not have eyes. Light-sensitive cells on the top of the body, however, appear to be used to detect faint light from:
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C) faint glow- around vents
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finfish and shellfish provide approximately what percentage of animal protein consumed by humans around the world?
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1%
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Traditional fisheries are those that:
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D) use relatively simple gear and methods
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When did the world population reach 5 billion?
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late 1980s
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One nation where annual catches have not decreased since the late 1980s:
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D) China
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Most marine food resources are taken from:
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B) the continental shelf
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The largest fish catches are those of
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B) herrings, sardines, and other clupeoid fishes
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By definition, demersal catches are those that are harvested from:
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B) the bottom
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By definition, pelagic catches are those that are harvested from:
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A) the open water
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Clupeoid fishes:
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E) feed on plankton and typically form huge schools
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The major fishing areas of the world are mostly located in waters:
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E) around Antarctica and in the Arctic
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The major fishing area in the world is in the:
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A) northwest Pacific
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Trawls are nets that:
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E) dragged along the bottom or through the water column
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Industrial fisheries employ the catch for all of the following purposes except one
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food
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An example of a marine non-renewable resource:
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oil
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The maximum sustainable yield is best defined as the:
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A) highest catch that can be taken without overfishing
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Continued catches above the maximum sustainable yield:
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E) will result in overfishing
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Fishing effort refers to all of the following except:
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C) number and size of fishing nets
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One of the following best describes commercial fisheries around the world:
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A) most have been affected by overfishing
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Fisheries management involves all of the following except:
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B) determining when female fish begin releasing eggs
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The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of a nation is equal to how many nautical miles:
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200
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Most of the krill fished for commercial purposes is caught in:
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C) Antarctica
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The "by-catch" is the name given to:
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A) junk species that are caught while fishing for more valuable species
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The type of mariculture that takes place under more or less natural conditions with little manipulation by humans is known as:
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D) open mariculture
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Seeding in mariculture refers to:
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B) enriching natural populations by releasing fish that have been farmed for a short time
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By the year 2000 farmed fish accounted for approximately what percentage of the total world consumption?
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10%
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Which of the following shows the correct level of organization in order of increasing complexity:
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E) atom, molecule, organ, population, ecosystem
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A group of mussels of a particular type living together on a rocky beach is an example of a(an):
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population
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The ecosystem best encompasses one of the following:
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D) the community or communities and the physical environment
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Which of the following correctly links the type of organisms with the way they live:
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A) organisms part of the nekton swim
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An example of a community is:
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D) a kelp forest plus all organisms living in it
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A population may grow until its growth is slowed or stopped as a result of:
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E) all of the above
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The type of interaction that results when a resource is in short supply and one organism uses the resource at the expense of the other is called:
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E) competition
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Competitive exclusion can be best defined as:
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A) when one species over competes and eliminates another
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The ecological niche of a species is best defined as its:
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B) habitat plus the most important physical factors affecting it
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Predation can be best defined as:
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D) an animal eating any other organism
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The loss of estuaries and mangrove forests is particularly serious since these ecosystems:
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A) provide nesting or resting areas to many seabirds
B) are among the most productive of all marine ecosystems C) provide habitats to many species D) directly or indirectly provide food to many species |
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Coral reefs are being directly affected by the destruction of:
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Rainforest
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One of these is an example of coevolution:
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D) a limpet evolving a behavior that allows it to escape from a seastar predator
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The relationship between zooxanthellae and reef corals is an example of:
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A) mutualism
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Cleaning symbiosis is an example of symbiosis because the partners involved in the association:
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C) both have coevolved into a close association
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The following is a synonym of autotrophs:
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B) primary producer
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The difference between food webs and food chains is that food webs:
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E) are more complex
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Consumers that feed directly on the producers are called:
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D) primary consumers
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An example of a tertiary consumer:
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C) a carnivore
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On the average, what percentage of energy in a particular trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level?
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D) 10%
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The detritus in the water includes:
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A) dead organic matter
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fundamental role of decomposers:
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A) releasing nutrients for autotrophs
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Primary production is measured using the following units:
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D) gm carbon/area/time
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In the dark-light bottle experiment, one of the following is measured in the dark bottle:
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photosynthesis plus respiration
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The amount of chlorophyll in the water is a direct estimate of:
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C) standing stock of phytoplankton
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In the carbon cycle, plants play a fundamental role by:
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E) both increasing the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide as a result of respiration and decreasing it as a result of photosynthesis
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Nitrogen fixation is performed at sea by:
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B) cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
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Sessile organisms are part of the:
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A) benthos
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The subtidal zone is the area:
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C) between the intertidal zone and the continental shelf
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Niche overlap initially leads to
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) competition
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The second level (right above the base) in the marine food web with the energy base of dissolved inorganic compounds consists of:
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green plants
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The loss of estuaries and mangrove forests is particularly serious since these ecosystems:
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A) provide nesting or resting areas to many seabirds
B) are among the most productive of all marine ecosystems C) provide habitats to many species D) directly or indirectly provide food to many species |
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One important reason behind the destruction of mangrove forests in recent years:
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C) shrimp farming
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Pollution is best described as:
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A) adding substances or energy that harm the environment
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Eutrophication is a type of pollution caused by:
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fertilizers
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People sometimes contract hepatitis from eating raw shellfish because the shellfish:
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B) keep alive the virus in the water kept within the shell
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Sludge is best defined as:
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B) semi-liquid material that results from sewage treatment
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Accumulation of sludge on the bottom of the ocean is responsible for
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A) anoxic, or oxygen-lacking, conditions
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The two most important sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are:
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C) natural seepage and urban runoff
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The most harmful oil spills in terms of damage to the marine environment are generally considered to be:
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C) sinking or collision of tankers
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A substance that is biodegradable:
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E) can be broken down by bacteria
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Chlorinated hydrocarbons are found most commonly in:
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E) pesticides
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A persistent chemical is one that is:
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B) non-biodegradable
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Persistent chemicals are particularly harmful to the environment because they:
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E) accumulate in organisms that are higher in the food chain
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A type of seabird that was particularly affected by pesticides such as DDT:
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Pelicans
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Which of the following organisms are expected to show the highest concentration of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in its tissues:
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sea lions
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Chlorinated hydrocarbons reach the marine environment by way of:
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river runoff
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PCB's are characterized by being:
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A) persistent
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One of the following has been implicated in abnormal sexual behavior in seabirds:
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B) chlorinated hydrocarbons
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Furans are pollutants that belong among the
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B) chlorinated hydrocarbons
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Heavy metals include all of the following except:
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PCBS
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Mercury has been directly linked with one of the following health problems in humans:
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C) neurological disorders and paralysis
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One of the following is known to be responsible for thermal pollution:
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E) power plants
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A threatened species is one that is:
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B) at risk of extinction since its members are low in number
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The Steller sea cow was brought to extinction by:
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C) whalers hunting for meat
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Introduced species are known to be transported into a new location by way of:
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C) transplanted oysters
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Sustainable development refers to development that:
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B) safeguards natural resources for future generations of people
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Efforts to restore kelp forests include:
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C) transplanting young kelp
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Artificial reefs are known to:
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A) improve fishing
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The lower limit of the intertidal zone is the:
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C) lowest tide
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The particular characteristic most widely used in classifying intertidal communities:
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B) relative exposure to air
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Regarding the origin of rocky coasts, it is known that this type of shore is present along:
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A) geologically young coasts
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The sessile epifauna consists of:
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E) attached animals
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Many rocky-shore animals cope with desiccation by:
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B) crowding in areas that are always moist
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Which type of shell would be most suited to live on a rocky shore that is exposed at low tide?
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D) white, ridged
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Most sessile animals living on rocky shores are:
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D) filter feeders
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One of these organisms is expected to be relatively rare on a rocky shore:
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E) deposit feeder
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If a rocky shore highly exposed to wave action is compared to a similar rocky shore that is a lot less exposed to wave action, we should expect that barnacles living on the more exposed shore show a:
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A) wider vertical distribution
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The reason why rocky shores have few deposit feeders:
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B) high wave action
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Refraction causes waves to:
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C) become more parallel to the shore
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One of these is more important than the others as a limiting resource in intertidal communities:
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space
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Vertical zonation on rocky shores is mostly the result of differences in tolerance to:
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B) exposure
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The upper limit of rocky intertidal communities is typically determined by:
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B) physical factors only
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One organism typical of the upper intertidal on rocky shores:
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periwinkle
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The middle intertidal is characterized by:
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D) exposure and immersion on a regular basis
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An example of a keystone predator on rocky shores:
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C) sea stars
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Predation by sea stars on rocky shores ultimately results in:
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E) more species
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Ecological succession ultimately results in:
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climax xommunity
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In addition to space, another factor that is typically limiting in the lower intertidal along rocky shores:
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B) grazing
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One of these organisms is typically a very rare component of soft-bottom intertidal communities:
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C) seaweeds
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Most animals living on sandy beaches are included among the:
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infauna
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Fine sediments are characteristic of:
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calm less exposed shores
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In terms of oxygen, the interstitial water in muddy bottoms:
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D) is deficient in it
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The main source of food in muddy-bottom intertidal communities
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B) detritus
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Coastal plain estuaries were formed when:
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B) the ocean invaded lowlands and river mouths
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Good examples of bar-built estuaries are found here:
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C) Atlantic coast of the United States
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Fjords are formed as a result of the:
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raising of the sea level
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In an estuary, salinity of the water increases as:
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as depth increases
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The salt wedge of an estuary:
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A) moves inland as tide moves in
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Tidal bores in estuaries result from the effect of:
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C) high tides moving in
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The most common type of substrate in estuaries:
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mud
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The amount of hydrogen sulfide in the sediment increases as the following factors increase except one:
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B) space between sediment particles
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Euryhaline species:
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D) can survive changes in salinity
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Osmoconformers survive changes in salinity by:
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D) allowing the salinity of their body fluids to vary with that of the surrounding water
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Salmon, which migrate between the sea and rivers, are an example of:
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E) osmoregulators
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The most important difference between muddy intertidal shores and the mud flats of estuaries:
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B) variation in salinity
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An example of a primary producer on mud flats:
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A) benthic diatoms
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An example of a deposit feeder on mud flats:
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mud snails
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The most abundant type of mud-flat organisms:
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infauna
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Succulents are plants that:
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C) accumulate water in their tissues
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The infauna of mud flats feeds mostly on:
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E) detritus
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Blood rich in hemoglobin is an adaptation to:
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E) low oxygen concentrations
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Blood rich in hemoglobin is an adaptation to:
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E) low oxygen concentrations
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Zonation in an estuary is made evident by:
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B) presence of different species along different horizontal levels in relation to tides
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The zonation of plants in salt marshes is determined mostly by:
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C) height of the tide - pg 278
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The food web in salt-marsh communities is characterized by high primary production. Most of this production is made available to other communities in the form of:
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detritus
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The geographical distribution of mangrove forests is mostly determined by:
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temperature
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