Mammal

Front 1

Perissodactyla vs. Artiodactyla

Back 1

P-Mesaxonic, pulley top
A-Paraxonic, double pulley, cannon bone

Front 2

Tapiridae (4)

Back 2

Perissodactyla
Primitive
Reduced nasal bones
Long proboscis (nose, upper lip)

Front 3

Rhinocerotidae (2 types). Horns. Skull characterstics

Back 3

Perissodactyla
Black & Asian - pointed, prehensile upper lip for browsing
White - square tip for grazing (crop grass)
Horns - mass of fused hairs, attached to skin
Skull - thick, support horn & muscles

Front 4

Equiidae (3)

Back 4

Most cursorial Perisso - 3rd digit functional, calcaneum posterior.
Grazer
Polygynous

Front 5

Equid Evolution

Back 5

Grew larger, used to be browsers now all grazers. Due to Miocene grasslands. Once had Chalicotheriids (huge, clawed)

Front 6

Certartiodactyla. 3 characterstics

Back 6

double pulley on astragulus
paraxonic
horns with bony core

Front 7

Perissodactyla. 4 characterstics

Back 7

mesaxonic
upper pulley
large hindgut (big caecum, commensal bacteria).
Not in Neartic

Front 8

Perissodactlya families (3)

Back 8

Equiidae, Tapiridae, Rhinocerotidae

Front 9

Certartiodactyla families (9) and suborder (1)

Back 9

Suidae, Tayassuidae, Camelidae, Tragulidae, Giraffidae, Moschidae, Cervidae, Antilocapridae, Bovidae, S.O.Cetancodonta

Front 10

Cannon bone characteristics (3)

Back 10

reduced calcaneum, fusion of metapodials, aids cursoriality

Front 11

Suidae (5) teeth, diet, bone?

Back 11

Pigs
Bunodont
Tusk canines, evergrowing
No cannon bone
Omnivorous
Unspec. digesting

Front 12

Tayassuidae (4)

Back 12

Peccaries, javelinas
smaller than Suids
better runners than Suids
Omnivorous
Canines stabilize jaw

Front 13

Camelidae (4) limbs, bone, foot, teeth, diet

Back 13

long neck & limbs
has cannon bone
didactyl
nails
caniform upper I's
grazers

Front 14

Didactyl

Back 14

In Camelidae. splayed foot that supports weight on sand. each toe encased in broad pad to increase surface area of footprint.

Front 15

Camelidae water loss

Back 15

Dehydrated camels let body T rise over 40 during day. Saves more water than evaporative cooling. Urine excreted very concentrated. With water, body T under 39

Front 16

Non & Perissodactyla Digestion (path, pros (3), cons (2), result

Back 16

Perisso & Non: Chew once, stomach, S/L intestine, caecum, colon. 45% cellulose. Fast, 48 hrs, process lots of food.Secondary detox in liver, need large volume of food.
Speed means low quality, abundant forage

Front 17

Ruminantia Digestion (path, pros, cons, result)

Back 17

Chew, rumen, cud, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, SI, caecum, colon. 60% cellulose.Breakdown before absorption, microorgs detox secondary. Slow 80 hrs, secondary can hurt bacteria. Efficient so high quality, limited quantity forage

Front 18

Serengeti rains pattern (3 animals)

Back 18

Zebras follow rains (eat stem/sheaves)
Wildebeast follow zebras (short grass)
Gazelles follow wildebeast (remaining herbaceous)

Front 19

Properties of stems/sheaves, leaves, herbaceous

Back 19

Stems/sheaves - low prot, high 2nd
Leaves, Herb - high prot, low 2nd

Front 20

Ruminantia families (6)

Back 20

Tragulidae, Giraffidae, Moschidae, Cervidae, Antilocapridae, Bovidae

Front 21

Tragulidae characteristics (7)

Back 21

Mouse deer
-Primitive: No antlers/horns, male tusks, partial cannon, complete lateral digits
-Secretive/solitary/nocturnal

Front 22

Giraffidae characteristics (4)

Back 22

Cannon bone
Tarsal fusion (stability)
Giraffe - savannah
Okapi - tropical forest
Horns never shed (bony ossicone under dermis)

Front 23

Moschidae (4)

Back 23

Musk deer
Palearctic.
No antlers/tusks.
Scent glands, for perfumes. Threatened

Front 24

Cervidae (3)

Back 24

Deer, elk, moose, caribou
-Browser
-Antlers - males only cept caribou. grow fast, shed annually, hormones,velvet cover while growing
-Polygynous

Front 25

Antilocapridae (Loc, Diet, bone, horn, aerobic)

Back 25

Pronghorn
Neartic
Browser
Cannon bone
Horns - keratinized sheath over bone, sheath sheds annually, both sexes
Most cursorial mammal - 85 kph
Aerobic demand: big airways, lung surface area, more Hb, more musc. caps & mitochon

Front 26

Bovidae (bone,horn)

Back 26

Cows, goat, antelope
Cannon bone
Horns: keratinized sheath over bone, never shed. Display/fight. Absent in females of smaller species. Female defense, male combat

Front 27

Cetancodonta (2)

Back 27

Hippopotamidae & SF Cetacae

Front 28

Hippopotamide

Back 28

semiaquatic: nostril, orbits on top. sparse fur, oily skin secretion, large body.
night land forage
Hippo - gregarious (social), clicks, near water
Hexaprotodon - solitary/pairs, forests

Front 29

Cetacea suborders

Back 29

Odontoceti - Delphinidae, Monodontidae, Phocoenidae, Platanistidae, Physeteridae, Ziphidae,
Mysticeti - Balaenidae, Balaenopteridae, Eschrichtidae

Front 30

Cetacea characteristics

Back 30

-Telescoping: external nares on skull top, long rostrum, overlapping bones, shorter braincase, reduced zyg arch.
-compressed verts, lateral flat tail, streamline
-polyphalangic, chevron bones

Front 31

Whale adaptations (3)

Back 31

Large:slows heat loss
Blubber: buoyancy, stream
Rete mirabile: counter current heat exchange, keeps periph blood cooling core

Front 32

Diving (problem, solution)

Back 32

Blood has more O2 binding prots than land mammals. During, HR slows, flexible ribs collapse. Air passages reinforced w/ cart/musc. Alveoli collapse and force air to passages. No Nitrogen gas exchange

Front 33

Salt Water Life

Back 33

Kidneys of many lobes: increase surface area and filter ability. has long loop of henle to conc. urine

Front 34

Odontoceti characterstics (7)

Back 34

Assymetrical skill, melon, single ext nares, echolocate, larger prey, groups, teeth

Front 35

Delphinidae

Back 35

sickle flippers, conical teeth, beak

Front 36

Monodontidae

Back 36

narwhal, beluga
no fused cerv verts (more motion)
Narwhal - tooth tusk, weapon/rank
Beluga - white whale, thousand group members

Front 37

Phocoenidae

Back 37

porpoise
spade teeth, paddle flipper, blunt rostrum

Front 38

Platanistidae

Back 38

river dolphin
long jaw, small eyes

Front 39

Physeteridae

Back 39

sperm whale
largest Odontoceti
most assym, no upper teeth
spermaceti organ - filled with organ, thermoreg/echolo/buoyancy

Front 40

Ziphidae

Back 40

beaked whale
defined beak, red. teeth, deep ocean

Front 41

Cetacean Echolocation (types, ranges, practice

Back 41

Click - short, broad FM for echolo
Whistle - long, narrow CF for comm
Odontos - click,whistle higher freq range
Myst - moan,song smaller freq range
Clicks to locate, increase as closer.
Clicks lower in freq than bats. Passive hearing for prey. Sound from nasal passage.

Front 42

Sound production

Back 42

1) Pressurized air to nasal sacs
2) Sound bounces off dished-in skull front
3) Focused through melon

Front 43

Sound reception

Back 43

1) Bulla (tympanic, periotic) isolated from skull, insulated by sinuses vs. pressure
2) jaw joint thin, close to ear
3) vibration through dentary to ear

Front 44

Mysticeti

Back 44

baleen
Symmetrical, lighter, no teeth, no melon, no echolo, largest whales, migrate longer to follow zooplank

Front 45

Baleen

Back 45

keratinized epidermis, grows continuously, worn by tongue

Front 46

Plankton, Nekton, Zooplankton

Back 46

P - krill, aggregate, slow
N - larger, mobile, includes fish
Z - both P and N

Front 47

Balaenidae

Back 47

right, bowhead
head 1/4-1/3 length, no dorsal, smooth throat
skims- travels at surface to strain
easy to hunt

Front 48

Balaenopteridae

Back 48

rorquals, humpback, blue
streamline, smaller head, less baleen
small dorsal, throat furrow, biggest size range

Front 49

Balaenopteridae eating habits

Back 49

gulping: open mouth, move tongue back, throat expand, contract throat, strain with tongue
bubble netting:blow bubbles around zooplankton, concentrates to gulp

Front 50

frontomandibular stay

Back 50

reinforce jaw vs hyperdepression

Front 51

Eschrichtidae

Back 51

gray whale
few throat furrows
summer North Pac, winter Japan
Feed: stir sediment with snout, filter crusts

Front 52

Whale evolution

Back 52

Tethys Sea - IndoPakistan on shores of freshwater waterway
Paraxonic
Slow accumulated losses
Terrest, shallow fresh/hooved, croc-like, near shore/salt/hearing better, DV oscillation/swimming, modern whales