Male Genital System Pathology

Front 1

What is hypospadias?

Back 1

1. Opening of urethra on inferior surface of penis

2. Due to failure of urethral folds to close

Front 2

What is epispadias?

Back 2

1. Opening of urethra on superior surface of penis

2. Due to abnormal positioning of the genital tubercle

Front 3

What is condyloma accuminatum?

Back 3

1. Benign warty growth on genital skin

2. Due to HPV 6 or 11

Front 4

What are the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma?

Back 4

1. High risk HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33

2. Lack of circumcision

Front 5

What are the precursor in situ lesions that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma?

Back 5

1. Bowen disease

2. Erythroplasia of Queyrat

3. Bowenoid papulosis

Front 6

What is Bowen disease?

Back 6

1. In situ carcinoma of the penile shaft or scrotum

2. Presents as leukoplakia

Front 7

What is erythroplasia of Queyrat?

Back 7

1. In situ carcinoma on the glans

2. Presents as erythroplakia

Front 8

What is Bowenoid paulosis?

Back 8

1. In situ carcinoma that presents as multiple reddish papules

2. Does not progress to invasive carcinoma

Front 9

What is cryptorchidism?

Back 9

1. Failure of testicle(s) to descend into the scrotal sac

Front 10

What is the MC congenital male reproductive disorder?

Back 10

1. Cryptorchidism

Front 11

How is cryptorchidism treated?

Back 11

1. Usually resolves on its own

2. If not--- orchiopexy before 2 y/o

Front 12

What are the complications of cryptorchidism?

Back 12

1. Testicular atrophy with infertility

2. Increased risk for seminoma

Front 13

In what populations is C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae orchitis seen?

Back 13

1. Young adults

Front 14

In what populations is E. coli/pseudomonas orchitis seen?

Back 14

1. Older adults

Front 15

In what population is mumps orchitis usually seen?

Back 15

1. Teenage males

Front 16

What is the characteristic of autoimmune orchitis?

Back 16

1. Non-necrotizing granulomas

Front 17

What is the mechanism of damage in testicular torsion?

Back 17

1. Congestion

2. Hemorrhagic infarction

Front 18

What is a varicocele?

Back 18

1. Dilation of the spermatic vein due to impaired drainage

Front 19

How does a varicocele usually present?

Back 19

1. 'Bag of worms'

2. Left-sided

Front 20

With what malignancy is varicocele associated?

Back 20

1. Renal cell carcinoma

Front 21

What is a hydrocele?

Back 21

1. Collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis

Front 22

What causes a hydrocele?

Back 22

1. Incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis

Front 23

What is the presentation of hydrocele?

Back 23

1. Scrotal swelling that can be transilluminated

Front 24

Why are testicular tumors usually not biopsied?

Back 24

1. Risk of seeding the scrotum

Front 25

What is the MC testicular tumor?

Back 25

1. Seminoma

Front 26

What are the risk factors for germ cell tumors?

Back 26

1. Cryptorchidism

2. Klinefelter syndrome

Front 27

What are the two types of germ cell tumors?

Back 27

1. Seminomas

2. Nonseminomas

Front 28

What is a seminoma?

Back 28

1. Malignant tumor

2. Comprised of large cells with a clear cytoplasm

3. No hemorrhage or necrosis

Front 29

What is the responsiveness of seminomas v. nonseminomas to radiotx?

Back 29

1. Seminomas highly responsive

2. Nonseminomas show variable resonse

Front 30

What is embryonal carcinoma?

Back 30

1. Malignant tumor comprised of immature, primitive cells

2. MAY produce glands

3. Forms hemorrhagic mass with necrosis

Front 31

How does embryonal carcinoma spread?

Back 31

1. Hematogenous

Front 32

What is the effect of chemotx on embryonal carcinoma?

Back 32

1. Can cause it to differentiate into a different type of germ cell tumor

Front 33

What does embryonal carcinoma secrete?

Back 33

1. AFP

2. B-hCG

Front 34

What is a yolk sac tumor?

Back 34

1. Malignant tumor that resembles yolk sac elements

Front 35

What is the histological evidence of a yolk sac tumor?

Back 35

1. Schiller-Duval bodies---- glomeruloid structures

Front 36

What does a yolk sac tumor secrete?

Back 36

1. AFP

Front 37

What is the MC testicular tumor in children?

Back 37

1. Yolk sac tumor

Front 38

What is a choriocarcinoma?

Back 38

1. Malignant tumor of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts

2. VILLI ARE ABSENT

Front 39

What does choriocarcinoma secrete?

Back 39

1. B-hCG--- leads to hyperthyroidism

Front 40

What is a teratoma?

Back 40

1. Tumor composed of Mature fetal tissue

2. Derived from 2-3 embryonic layers

Front 41

In what sex is a teratoma malignant?

Back 41

1. Males

2. Benign in females

Front 42

The majority of germ cell tumors are....

Back 42

1.... mixed

Front 43

What are sex cord-stromal tumors?

Back 43

1. Resemble sex cord-stromal tissues of testicle

Front 44

What are the ssx of sex cord-stromal tissues?

Back 44

1. Leydig cell tumors usually produces androgen-----

2. Precocious puberty

3. Gynecomastia in adults

Front 45

What is the histological hallmark of sex cord-stromal tumors?

Back 45

1. Reinke crystals

Front 46

What is the most common cause of a testicular mass in males >60 y/o?

Back 46

1. Large B-cell lymphoma

Front 47

What are the MCC of acute prostatitis?

Back 47

1. C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae in young adults

2. E. coli, pseudomonas in older adults

Front 48

What are the ssx of acute prostatitis?

Back 48

1. Dysuria

2. Fever

3. Chills

4. Prostate is tender and boggy on exam

Front 49

What will prostatic secretions show in acute prostatitis?

Back 49

1. WBCs

2. Culture positive for bacteria

Front 50

What are the ssx of chronic prostatitis?

Back 50

1. Dysuria

2. Pelvic or low back pain

Front 51

What do prostatic secretions show in chronic prostatitis?

Back 51

1. WBCs

2. Culture negative

Front 52

What is BPH?

Back 52

1. Age-Related change to prostate

2. Related to DHT

3. Occurs in central periurethral zone of prostate

Front 53

What are the ssx of BPH?

Back 53

1. Problems starting and stopping a urine stream

2. Impaired bladder emptying with increased risk for infection and hydronephrosis

3. Dribbling

4. Hypertrophy of bladder smooth muscle

Front 54

What is the state of PSA in BPH?

Back 54

1. Slightly elevated

Front 55

What is the MC cancer in men?

Back 55

1. Prostate adenocarcinoma

Front 56

Where does prostatic adenocarcinoma usually arise?

Back 56

1. Peripheral, posterior region of prostate

Front 57

When should you screen for prostatic adenocarcinoma? How?

Back 57

1. 50 y/o

2. Screen for DRE and PSA

Front 58

What is the state of PSA in prostatic adenocarcinoma?

Back 58

1. High--- more than BPH

Front 59

How do you dx prostatic adenocarcinoma?

Back 59

1. Bx required

2. Gleason grading system--- based on architecture

Front 60

What is a common site of metastasis for prostatic adenocarcinoma?

Back 60

1. Lumbar spine or pelvis

2. Increased alk phos, PSA , and PAP

Front 61

How does the Gleason system work?

Back 61

1. Dominant pattern is assigned a score

2. Secondary pattern assigned a score

3. Scores added; higher score=worse prognosis