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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scrotum developmental abnormalities |
Apparent a genesis in cryptochid animals |
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Scrotal skin lesions causes
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Frostbite |
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Scrotal or inguinal hernia
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Common in horse
Congenital and acquired Inguinal hernias following castration |
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Which animal has a large inguinal canal
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Guinea pig
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Hydrocoele
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Fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis
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Haematocoele
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Accumulation of blood due to trauma
Between layers of tunica vaginalis |
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Neoplasia of tunica vaginalis
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Rare but may include primary mesothelioma
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Anorchia
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Failure of testicular development
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Testicular a genesis
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Failure of development of one testis
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Cryptochidism
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Incomplete descent of testes which may be found at any site from posterior pile of kidney to the external inguinal ring
Usually unilateral |
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Problems associated with cryptorchidisn
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Impaired spermatogenesis
Decreased fertility Increased risk of developing neoplasia especially setting cell tumour |
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Macroscopic appearance of cryptorchidism
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Testis is small and firm
Contralateral testis is hypertrophie |
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Histological appearance of cryptorchidism
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Hypoplastic tubules
Often only contain sertioli cells and fibrous tissue Often thickened bm |
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Testicular hypolasia
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Associated with intersex or cryptorchidism
Bilateral or unilateral Detected at or after puberty Lowered or lack of fertility Hormones unimpaired and development of other genitalia is normal |
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Aetiology of testicular hypoplasia
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Genetic factors
Environmental conditions Hormonal factors Chromosomal abnormalities - male tortoiseshells |
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Macroscopic appearance of testicular hypoplasia
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Small freely moveable in scrotum and non painful
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Histology of testicular hypoplasia
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Sertioli cells only
Small seminiferous tubules No significant inflammation |
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Testicular degeneration aetiology
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Infection
Nutrition Chemical -exogenous Hormones -endogenous Hyperthermia Increased pressure within tunica albuginea Ionising radiation Hypoxia |
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Nutritional causes of testicular degeneration
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Hyper or hypovitaminosis A
Zinc deficiency Malnutrition |
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Causes of testicular hyperthermia
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Excess periscrotal fat
Cryptorchidism Shortened cremaster muscles Pyrexia |
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Macroscopic appearance of testicular degeneration
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Small, soft flabby testes
Small, firm, calcified with brown colour |
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Histology of testicular degeneration
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Atrophy
Loss of spermatogonia Degeneration and apoptosis Vacuolation of sertioli cells Loss of sertioli cells Multinucleated spermatids Dystrophic calcification Fibrosis Granuloma |
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What causes the brown colour associated with testicular degeneration
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Lipofuchsin
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Why is the testicular blood supply vulnerable to disturbance
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Arterial supply and venous return restricted within spermatic cord
Tunic are inelastic Vulnerable to trauma |
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Orchitis
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Testicular inflammation
Rare and sporadic |
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Aetiology of orchitis
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Release of sperm into interstitial tissue ->Granulomatous response
Infection Arise from one of 3 routes Trauma, ascending infection, harmatougwnihs |
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Gross appearance of a seminoma
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Spherical
Large Soft Friable White grey Smooth surface Lobulated |
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Histological appearance of seminoma
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Homogeneous sheet
Round/polygonal cells No fat in cells Stroma some High mitotic figures Lymphocyte foci Germ cells |
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Gross appearance of a sertioli cell tumour
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Spherical
Large Firm wish some cysts White/cream Lobulated |
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Histological appearance of a sertioli cell tumour
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Tubular pattern
Tall columnar epithelial cell Lipid in cytoplasm stroma lots May have high mitotic figures |
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Gross appearance of a leydig cell Tumor
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Encapsulated
Small to medium size Soft with some cysts Tan/orange May have some haemorrhage |
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Why are leydig cell tumours coloured |
Hormones they produce
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Histological appearance of a leydig cell tumour |
Solid sheets of cells
Polyhedral/round cells Lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm No mitotic figs Some stroma Haemorrhage |
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What is feminisation syndrome
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Associated with sertioli cell tumours due to oestrogen production
Animal becomes attractive to make dogs Decreased libido Mammary hyperplasia Preputial oedema squamous mets plasma of prostate Contra lateral testicular atrophy Oestrogen may have myelotoxic effects |
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Non infectious inflammation of epididymis
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Sperm granuloma
Spermitocoele Epididymitis |
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What haematogenous organisms cause orchitis |
Brucella
Cornyebacterium pseudotubsrculosis Fipv Mcf |
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Macroscopic appearance of orchitis |
Swelling limited by tunica albuginea
Progressive to necrosis Heat Pain Exudate Pus filled if severe |
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Histology of orchitis
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Range of severity depends on extent of vascular occlusion
Pathogenic organism Early stages - seminiferous tubule necrosis and desquamination Haemorrhaging or fibrinopurulent exudate if bacteria present Chronic will have fibrosis and calcification Granulomas |
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When are granulomas a feature of orchitis
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Due to severe brucella infection
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Types of testicular neoplasia |
Teratoma - germinal - stallions
Seminoma - germinal - dogs and stallions Sertioli cell - old dogs - stromal Leydig cells - interstitial/stromal - old dogs and bulls |
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What is the gross appearance of a teratoma
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Irregular shape
Solid with cysts Variable colour Variable cell type |
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Histology of a teratoma |
Chaotic
Hair, glandular, cartilage, bone |
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Likelihood of metastasis of testicular tumours |
Rare
Very rare if leydig |
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Which testicular tumours are functional |
Sertoli cell - oestrogen
Leadig cell - androgen? and oestrogen (some times) |
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What is a sperm granuloma |
Sperm escape into adjacent tissues and produce an immune response Can be caused by blind-ending efferent tubules, usually in the head of the epidymis Leads to pressure differentiation of the testis |
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What is spermatocoele |
Cystic dilation of the epididymis Causes accumulation of semen, ispissation, rupture and sperm granuloma, congenital and acquired occlusions of the ducts
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What is epididymitits |
Inflammation of the epididymis May occur along with inflammation of the accessory sex glands May be confused with orchitis Often due to ascending bacterial infection Systemic spread, direct penetrating injury and viral infection also occur |
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Gross appearence of epididymitis |
Increase in size of the epididymis with variable consistency depending on duration of the infection and inflammation with concurrent testicular hypertrophy |
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Histological appearence of epididymitits |
Ducts contain fibrin and inflammatory cells Degenerate spermatozoa and epithelisal cells, macrophages, multinucleated giant cells |
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What are the pathologies of the spermatic cord |
Tortion Varicoele Funiculitis |
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When does torsion of the spermatic cord ocur |
Following trauma or during cryptorchidism due to their increased mobility May lead to venous/arterial infarction |
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When does variocoele occur |
Dilated/tortuous veins within the pampiniform plexus, common in older rams Incidental Can affect thermoregulation and also fertility
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What is funiculitis |
Inflammation of the cord following castration usually Common in open catration If infected with staph aureus, or arcanobacterum pyogenes produces granulomas and multiple small abscesses |
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What is seminal vesiculitis |
Most common in young bulls kept in groups Pus in the semen Pain in affected gland and larger affected gland |
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What are the congenital anomolies of the penis |
Absence of the penis Micropenis - malformation of the sigmoid flexure Persistant frenulum - deviation/corkskrew |
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Congenital anomolies of the prepuce |
Absence or agenesis - pseudohermaphroditism Absence of preputial orifice Phimosis - small orifice Paraphimosis - down behind glans but cannot return after erection Hypospasadias Epispadias |
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Hypospadia |
Failure of fusion of the urogenital folds that greate abnormal urethral openings on the ventral surfect of the penis |
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Epispadia |
Failure of fusion of the urogenital folds that create abnormal urethral openings on the dorsal surface of the penis |
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Which breed are predisposed to hypo/epispadia |
Boston terrier |
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Posthitis |
inflammation of the prepuce |
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Balanitis |
inflammation of the glans penis |
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Balanoposthitis |
both glans and prepuce inflamed |
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Causes of prepuce/glans inflammation in dogs |
E-coli Proteus Haemophilus Leishmaniasis |
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Causes of inflammation of the prepuce/glans in bulls |
IBR virus Mucosal necrosis and ulceration - secondary infection |
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Causes of inflammation of the prepuce/glans in rams/wethers |
occulsion of the urethral appendage as a result of caliculi causing necrotising lesion of the glans and urethral rupture and subcutaneous leakage of urine |
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Causes of inflammation of the prepuce/glans in horses |
Equine coital exanthema (herpesvirus 3) |
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Neoplasms of the penis |
Transmissible fibropapilloma - bulls (v 1 and 2) Squamous cell carcinoma - horses Melanoma - horses TVT - dogds and bitches Sarcoids - bpv |
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Microscopic appearence of sarcoid |
thickened epidermis and dermal fibroblast proliferation |
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Gross appearence of TVT |
Proliferative nodular of papilliform mass often with friable ulcerated surface |
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Histological appearence of TVT |
sheets of round to oval cells |
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Chorioptes bovis |
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Scrotum of sheep with massive inguinal hernia |
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Sertoli cell tumour in retained testicle of the dog |
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Teratoma |
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Senile testicular atrophy |
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fibrinous orchitis |
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Granulomatous orchitis - brucella |
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Seminoma Lobulated Pale Friable |
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Seminoma Lots of mitotic figures Round/polygonal cells arranged in sheets Lymphocyte foci |
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Leydi tumour Haemorrhage Tan Soft Encapsulated |
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Ledig cell Solid cells Polyhedral Lipid vacuoles
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Cystic sertoli cell Spherical Large Firm Lobulated CT stroma in between white/cream |
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Tubular pattern Tall columnar cells Stroma Cyoplasmic lipid Mitotic figs Oestrogen - feminisation |
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Sperm granuloma Escape and immune responsse |
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Sperm granuloma Note the spermatozoa and the multinucleate giant cells |
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Epididymitis, dog Brucella E.coli |
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Epididymitis ram E. coli Staph Streps Actinobacillus |
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Histo epididymitis |
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Torsion of the spermatic cord and testis ischaemia |
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Funiculitis with splendore hoeppli material
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Persistant penile frenulum |
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Hypospadia - failure of fusion of urogenital folds creates unusual opening in the penis |
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Corynebacterium renale associated with high protein dites Sheath rot of wethers |
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Transmissable fibropapilloma - bull |
