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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ask for narrative information
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open-ended questions
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ask for specific information
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closed or direct questions
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the area of pain enlarges or becomes more distal as the lesion worsens
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peripheralization
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the area of pain becomes smaller or more localized as its improves
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centralization
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means that the pain is felt at a site other than the injured tissue because the same or adjacent neural segments supply the referred site
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referred pain
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conditions that last up to 7 to 10 days
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acute conditions
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conditions that last 10 days to 7 weeks
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subacute conditions
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conditions that last longer than 7 weeks
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chronic conditions
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level of pain: pain after specific activity
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1
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pain at start of activity resolving warm-up
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2
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pain during and after specific activity that does not affect performance
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3
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pain during and after specific activity that does affect performance
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4
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pain with activities of daily living
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5
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constant dull aching pain at rest that does not disturb sleep
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6
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dull aching pain that does disturb sleep
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7
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suggest chemical irritation, tumors or possible visceral lesions. intensity may vary
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constant pain
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mechanical and related to movement and stress
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periodic or occasional pain
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related to specific activities
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episodic pain
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sharp, bright and burning
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nerve pain
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deep, boring, localized
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bone pain
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diffuse, aching and poorly localized and may be referred to other areas of the body
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vascular pain
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hard to localize, dull, aching, aggravated by injury and may be referred to other areas of the body
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muscular pain
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follows specific anatomical pathways and affect specific anatomical structures
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neuropathic pain
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severe chronic or aching pain that is inconsistent with injury or pathology to specific anatomical structures and cannot be explained by any physical cause.
may be reproduced |
somatic pain
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burning type of pain
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autonomic pain
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is an unpleasant sensation that occurs without an apparent stimulus or cause to the patient
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paresthesia
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cramping, dull aching pain
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muscle pain
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dull aching pain
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ligament, joint capsule
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sharp, shooting
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nerve root
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sharp, bring, lightning-like
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nerve
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burning, pressure-like, stringing, aching
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sympathetic nerve
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deep, nagging dull
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bone
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sharp, severe, intolerable
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fracture
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throbbing, diffuse
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vasculature
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may mean that the joint cannot be fully extended
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locking
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may mean that it does not extend one time and does not flex the next time
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pseudolocking
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joint cannot be put through a full ROM because of muscle spasm
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spasm locking
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often caused by reflex inhibition or weakness of the muscles
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giving way
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excessive ROM in a joint
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laxity/hypermobility
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the range of motion available in one or more joints and is a function of contractile tissue resistance primarily as well as ligament and joint capsule resistance
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flexibility
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related to the ROM available in one or more joint
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static flexibility
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related to stiffness and ease of movement
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dynamic flexibility
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refers to loss of control of the small, arthrokinematic joint movements that occur when the patient attempts to stabilize the joint during movement
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translational instability
pathological or mechanical instability |
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refers to excessive or gross physiological movement in a joint where the patient becomes apprehensive at the end of the ROM because of subluxation or dislocation is imminent
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anatomical instability
clinical instability gross instability pathological hypermobility |
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inability to control either arthrokinematic or osteokinematic movement in the available ROm either consciously or unconsciously during functional movement
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functional instability
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instability that is initiated by muscle contraction
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voluntary instability
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instability that is a result of positioning
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involuntary instability
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injury to structures on one side of a joint leading to instability can cause injury to structures on the other side or other parts of the joint
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circle concept of instability
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more serious than dizziness
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vertigo
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occur when a patient suddenly falls without warning or provocation but remains conscious
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drop attacks
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pain is often accentuated in patients with anxiety, depression, or hysteria or patients may exaggerate their symptoms
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psychogenic pain
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abnormally stiff, interrupted or rigid movement while moving the joint or body from one position to another
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guarding
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a stationary position in which a fully extended limb supports and maintains an abnormal distribution of weight
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bracing
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any contact between hand and injured area, rubbing or holding the painful area
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rubbing
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obvious facial expression of pain that may include furrowed brow, narrowed eyes, tightened lips, corners of mouth pulled back and clenched teeth
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grimacing
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obvious exaggerated exhalation of air usually accompanied by the shoulders first rising and then falling; patients may expand their cheeks first
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sighing
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present event at rest
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structural deformities
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result of assumed postuers and disappear when posture is changed
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functional deformities
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caused by muscle action and are present when muscles contract or joints move
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dynamic deformities
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bluish color to the skin, indication of poor blood perfusion
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cyanosis
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excessive scar tissue but stay within the margins of the wound
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hypertrophic scars
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expand beyond the margins of the wound
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keloid scars
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loud grinding noise to a squeaking noise
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crepitus
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not painful, caused by a tendon moving a bony protuberance
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snapping
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heard in TMJ and may be an indication of early asymptomatic pathology
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clicking
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valid consent that is voluntary and covers the procedures to be done
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informed consent
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sensory distribution of each nerve root
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dermatome
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defined as the area of skin supplied by a single nerve root
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dermatome
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defined as groups of muscles supplied by a single nerve root
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myotomes
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defined as groups of muscles supplied by a single nerve root
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myotomes
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an area of bone or fascia supplied by a single nerve root
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sclerotomes
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a form of referred pain, is a sharp shooting pain felt in a dermatome, myotome, or sclerotome because of direct involvement of a spinal nerve or nerve root
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radicular or radiating pain
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refers to radiating paresthesia, numbness or weakness but not pain
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radiculopathy
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neurologic disorder involving the spinal cord or brain and resulting in an upper motor neuron lesion, both upper and lower limbs are affected
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myelopathy
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a transient physiological block caused by ischemia from pressure or stretch of the nerve with no wallerian degeneration
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neuropraxia
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internal architecture of nerve preserved, but axons are so badly damaged that wallerian degeneration occurs
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axonotmesis
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structure of nerve is destroyed by cutting, severe scarring, or prolonged severe compression
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neurotmesis
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injury to a single peripheral nerve
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mononeuropathy
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injury to more than one peripheral nerve caused by systemic disease
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polyneuropathy
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protective spasm following injury
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early muscle spasm
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spasm resulting from instability or pain
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late muscle spasm
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tight muscle
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mushy tissue stretch
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upper motor neuron lesion
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spasticity
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frozen shoulder
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hard capsular
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synovitis, soft tissue edema
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soft capsular
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osteophyte formation
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bone to bone
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acute subacromial bursitis
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empty
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meniscus tear
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springy block
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counteracting group of muscles functioning by either co-contraction to stabilize a joint or by one group acting concentrically and the opposing group acting eccentrically to cause a controlled joint motion that is smooth and harmonized
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force couples
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indicates that an internal structure is being squeezed or pinched in part of the ROM
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painful arc
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absent (areflexia)
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0
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dimished (hyporeflexia)
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1
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average (normal reflex)
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2
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exaggerated (brisk reflex)
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3
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clonus, very brisk (hyperreflexia)
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4
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces
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edema
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abnormal enlargement of a body part
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swelling
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patient complains of pain
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grade I
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patient complains of pain and winces
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grade II
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patient winces and withdraws the joint
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grade III
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patient will not allow palpation of the joint
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grade IV
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involuntary movements in which agonist and antagonist muscle groups contract to cause rhythmic movements of a joint
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tremors
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muscles responsible for maintaing upright posture
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tonic muscle
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have a tendency to be tight or hypertonic
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postural or tonic muscle
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less likely to be atrophied
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postural or tonic muscle
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tend to become weak and inhibited with pathology
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phasic muscles
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primary means of diagnostic imaging for musculoskeletal problems
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plain film radiography
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invasive technique in which air, a water soluble contrast material containg iiodine, or a combination of the two
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athrography
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the technique may be used to diagnose artriosclerosis, investigate tumors, and demonstrate blockage after traumatic injury
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venogram and arteriogram
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invasive imaging technique that is used to visualize the soft tissues within the spine
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myelography
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produces cross-sectional images of the tissue, common imaging technique for musculoskeletal disorders
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tomography and computed tomography
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injecting small amount of radiopaque dye into the nucleus pulposus of an IV disc under radiographic guidance
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discography
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noninvasive, painless imaging technique that uses exposure to magentic fields, not ionzing radiation to obtain an image of bone and soft tissue
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magnetic resonance imaging
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technique that is used to show motion in joints through x-ray imaging; it also may be used as a guidance technique for injections
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fluoroscopy
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involves transmisison of high-frequency sound waves into the tissues by a transducer through a coupling agent
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diagnostic ultrasound
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technique in which xeroradiographic plate replaces the normal exay film
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xeroradiography
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