Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
actin filament
|
Muscle protein filament in a sarcomere; its movement shortens the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction. Actin filaments play a role in the movement of the cell and its organelles
|
|
apoptosis
|
Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell
|
|
bacillus
|
A rod-shaped bacterium
|
|
basal body
|
A cytoplasmic structure that is located at the base of - and may organize - cilia or flagella
|
|
capsule
|
Gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of blue-green algae and certain bacteria
|
|
cell
|
Smallest unit that displays the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
|
|
cell envelope (of prokaryotes)
|
In a prokaryotic cell, the portion composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx
|
|
cell theory
|
One of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells.
|
|
cell wall
|
Structure that surrounds a plan, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity.
|
|
central vacuole (of plant cell)
|
In a plant cell, a large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites. During growth, it enlarges, forcing the primary cell wall to expand and the cell surface-area-to-volume ratio to increase.
|
|
centriole
|
Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.
|
|
centrosome
|
Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles.
|
|
chloroplast
|
Membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place.
|
|
chromatin
|
network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.
|
|
chromoplast
|
Organelles that contain pigments that result in a yellow, orange, or red color. Chromoplasts are responsible for the color of autumn leaves, fruits, carrots, and some flowers.
|
|
chromosome
|
Coiled, rodlike structures of condensed chromatin.
|
|
cilium
|
Short, hairlike projection from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in larger numbers (cilia)
|
|
coccus
|
A spherical-shaped bacterium
|
|
cristae
|
Short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria
|
|
cyanobacteria
|
Photosynthetic bacteria that contain chlorophyll and release oxygen; formerly called blue-green algae.
|
|
cytoplasm
|
Contents of a cell between the nucleus (nucleoid region of bacteria) and the plasma membrane
|
|
cytoskeleton
|
Internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
|
|
endomembrane system
|
Cellular system that consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.
|
|
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
|
System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes.
|
|
eukaryotic cell
|
Type of cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya.
|
|
fimbriae
|
Small, bristlelike fiber on the surface of a bacterial cell, which attaches bacteria to a surface; also fingerlike extension from the oviduct near the ovary.
|
|
flagellum (pl., flagella)
|
Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm.
|
|
glycocalyx
|
Gel-like coating outside the cell wall of a bacterium. If compact, it is called a capsule; if diffuse, it is called a slime layer.
|
|
Golgi apparatus
|
Organelle consisting of saccules and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell.
|
|
granum
|
Stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast.
|
|
inclusion body
|
In a bacterium, stored nutrients for later use.
|
|
intermediate filament
|
Ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules.
|
|
leucoplast
|
Plastid, generally colorless, that synthesizes and stores starch and oils.
|
|
lysosome
|
Membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules
|
|
matrix
|
Unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles.
|
|
mesosome
|
In a bacterium, plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area.
|
|
microtubule
|
Small cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
|
|
mitochondrion
|
Membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration.
|
|
motor molecule
|
Protein that moves along either actin filaments or microtubules and translocates organelles.
|
|
nuclear envelope
|
Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
|
|
nuclear pore
|
Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus.
|
|
nucleoid
|
Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope.
|
|
nucleolus
|
Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits.
|
|
nucleoplasm
|
Semifluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin
|
|
nucleus
|
Membrane-bounded organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell.
|
|
organelle
|
Small, often membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function.
|
|
peroxisome
|
Enzyme-filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products.
|
|
plasma membrane
|
Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell.
|
|
plasmid
|
Self-duplicating ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria.
|
|
plastid
|
Organelles of plants and algae that are bounded by a double membrane and contain internal membranes and/or vesicles (i.e., chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts).
|
|
polyribosome
|
String of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis.
|
|
prokaryotic cell
|
Lacking a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
|
|
pseudopod
|
Cytoplasmic extension of amoeboid protists; used for locomotion and engulfing food.
|
|
ribosome
|
RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
|
|
rough ER
|
Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes.
|
|
secretion
|
Release of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be a gland or part of a gland.
|
|
sex pili
|
In a bacterium, elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells.
|
|
smooth ER
|
Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; lacks attached ribosomes.
|
|
spirillum
|
Long, rod-shaped bacterium that is twisted into a rigid spiral; if the spiral is flexible rather than rigid, it is called a spirochete.
|
|
spirochete
|
Long, rod-shaped bacterium that is twisted into a flexible spiral; if the spiral is rigid rather than flexible, it is called a spirillum.
|
|
stroma
|
Fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis.
|
|
surface-area-to-volume ratio
|
Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume.
|
|
thylakoid
|
Flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur.
|
|
vacuole
|
Membrane-bounded sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. In plants, the central vacuole fills much of the interior of the cell.
|
|
vesicle
|
Small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell.
|