M8

Front 1

Explain the makeup of air.

Back 1

78% Nitrogen; 21% Oxygen; 1% Other (CO2 0.03-0.04%)

Front 2

Describe the various atmosphere layers around Earth.

Back 2

Troposphere > Stratosphere > Mesosphere > Ionosphere > Thermosphere > Exosphere

Front 3

What is meant by International Standard Atmosphere? With Figures.

Back 3

Sea level 1013.2; 0 pressure drop; 1.2kgm3 density; 15°C/59°F

Front 4

At what altitude does temperature remain constant and what temperature is it ?

Back 4

36000ft and -56.5°C

Front 5

What is meant by Q code? Explained the different types.

Back 5

QNE International Standard 1013.25 (ICAO) (TRANSITION); QNH Local milibar setting; QFE - millibar setting for local airfield to read 0 feet

Front 6

What is laminar flow and turbulent flow?

Back 6

Laminar flow is smooth air and turbulent flow is disturbed air and eddy currents.

Front 7

What is meant by boundary layer?

Back 7

Layer of air flow closest to the aerofoil/ air immediately above surface. Begins at the stagnation area.

Front 8

Explain Bernoulli's principle

Back 8

Total sum of the energies in an incompressible fluid flow is constant provided losses are ignored.

Front 9

Explain the Venturi effect

Back 9

As is incompressible flow the mass flow rate (m3/s) through one part of the duct will be the same as any other part of duct, ignoring losses.

Front 10

What is meant by the Magnus effect?

Back 10

Force exerted on a rapidly spinning cylinder or sphere moving through air or another fluid in a direction at an angle to the axis of spin. (Curve effect)

Front 11

Describe the various parts of an aerofoil section

Back 11

J

Front 12

What is the lift formula ?

Back 12

L = CL 1/2 ρv2 S

Front 13

Explain how pressure distribution works on an aerofoil section

Back 13

For an aerofoil to be lifted, the suction side must have low pressure compared to the high pressure of the pressure side.

Front 14

When considering angle of attack, which angle are we most concerned with and why?

Back 14

4-6° - steady flow, separation point at very end of aerofoil. 12° - stall point, maximum lift, separation point 2/3 in. 15-16° stall angle max separation.

Front 15

What is the difference between angle of attack and angle of incidence?

Back 15

Angle of attack is angle of aircraft from the horizontal. Angle of incidence is angle of aerofoil in relation to horizontal

Front 16

What is meant by mean camber and how does this affect lift?

Back 16

Mean camber is the average curve joining trailing edge and leading edge of aerofoil. Air pressure changes are effected by the shape.

Front 17

What is meant by the term dihedral and what effect does this have on an aircraft?

Back 17

Angle between the lateral datum line and a straight line running along the centres of the wing from root to tip

Front 18

What is meant by the term aspect ratio and what effect does this have on an aircraft?

Back 18

J

Front 19

Describe stall and what systems are in place to avoid it?

Back 19

Stall is when an aircraft loses lift over a wing and therefore descends rapidly. It can be prevented by installing vortex generators, flaps and slats. It can also be presented by wash out

Front 20

Describe the different types of drag

Back 20

Parasite surface induced

Front 21

What is a wingtip vortex? What features have been bought in to avoid it? What dangers does wing tip vortex create?

Back 21

J

Front 22

What is a major problem with wing tip stall?

Back 22

H

Front 23

What is meant by lift to drag ratio? Why is it important?

Back 23

J

Front 24

Describe the different types of ice formed on wings

Back 24

Glaze ice, pack snow,

Front 25

What are the forces of Flight?

Back 25

Lift, weight, drag, thrust. Lift opposes weight. Drag opposes thrust.

Front 26

Explain why the centre of gravity on an aircraft should be in front of the centre of lift

Back 26

J

Front 27

What effect does the banked turn have on lift and angle of attack?

Back 27

O

Front 28

What is meant by load Factor?

Back 28

K

Front 29

Describe what is meant by a glider ratio and why is this important ?

Back 29

L

Front 30

List the primary flight control surfaces

Back 30

Ailerons, elevator, rudders

Front 31

List the secondary flight control surfaces

Back 31

Slats, flaps, trim tabs

Front 32

Describe the different types of flaps. What does each type offer to the pilot ?

Back 32

Kruger

Front 33

What are the aircraft axes? Describe each one.

Back 33

Longitudinal? Lateral and vertical

Front 34

What is meant by the terms stability, maneuverability, and controllability?

Back 34

G

Front 35

Explain static and dynamic stability

Back 35

What is meant by sweepback and why is it important

Front 36

What is porpoising?

Back 36

H

Front 37

Describe Dutch roll and How We Overcome it

Back 37

Yum

Front 38

What is flutter?

Back 38

Hh

Front 39

Describe a Canard configuration, swept forward wings and delta wings. How did he's affect the flight characteristics of an aircraft?

Back 39

Bb