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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Name for epithelium of lower urinary tract, # range of layers
2. 2 key features |
1. urothelium, 5-7 layers
2. urine-blood barrier, ability to contract & dilate (tight jxns, desmosomes) |
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List 4 common congenital ureter abNLities
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1. obstruction & reflux --> pyelonephritis
2. double ureter 3. ureteropelvic jxn obstruction --> hydronephrosis 4. diverticula/megaureter |
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1. Difference in location b/t ureteritis & cystitis cystica
2. Histo feature |
1. UC in ureter, CC in bladder
2. von Brunn's nests |
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List 5 intrinsic & 4 extrinsic causes of lower urinary tract obstruction
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3 congenital abNLities of the urinary bladder
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1. diverticuli
2. exstrophy: failure in anterior abd wall & bladder devel 3. vesicoureteral reflux |
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---Which gender is more susceptible to acute & chronic cystitis?
---5 predisposing factors ---4 common bacterial causes ---4 clinical presentations |
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Interstitial cystitis:
1. another name? 2. contrast cause from acute & chronic cystitis 3. 2 common causes 4. 3 findings on cystoscopy 5. Common age range and gender |
1. chronic pelvic pain syndrome
2. non-bacterial cause 3. allergies, autoimmune dzs 4. fissures, punctate hemorrhages, Hunner's ulcers 5. females, 30-50yo |
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Malakoplakia:
1. 5 common presentations 2. Finding on cystoscopy 3. key histo finding 4. Related to what infection? |
1. recurr fever, bladder irritability, hematuria, pyuria, weight loss
2. multiple raised soft yellow/brown plaques & nodules 3. Michaelis-Gutmann bodies 4. chronic bacterial (E. coli) |
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Squamous metaplasia of urinary bladder:
1. general cause 2. problem w/ extensive changes 3. risk 4. histo appearance |
1. long-term irritation or infection
2. may interfere w/ contraction & dilatation 3. development of carcinoma 4. keratinizing squamous epithelium |
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Bladder cancer:
1. most common cell of origin 2. which gender affected most? 3. 2 common presentations |
1. urothelium
2. males (3:1) 3. painless hematuria, irritative sxs (dysuria, freq) |
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List 6 etiologies of bladder cancer
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2 routes of pathogenesis for bladder cancer and molecular change(s) allowing their development
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hyperplasia: RAS w/ 9p21 deletion, p16 (INK4a)
dysplasia: RB & p53 |
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Contrast the histo appearance of low vs high grade papillary urothelial carcinomas
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Low: orderly architecture & cell appearance, low nuclear atypia
High: discohesive hyperchromatic nuclei, disarray |
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Role of BCG vaccine in tx of bladder cancer
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--elicit local cell-mediated immune rxn destroying tumor cells
--tx established dz --prevent recurrence |
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2 types of urethra inflammation
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1. nongonococcal (E coli)
2. gonococcal |
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Area of prostate that develops:
1. BPH 2. carcinoma |
1. central or transitional zone
2. peripheral zone |
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Describe 2 means of dx of prostatitis
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1. leukocyte count of prostatic secretions
2. culture of secretions |
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
1. 2 types of sxs resulting 2. hormone mediator of prostate growth 3. enzyme responsible for this hormone's production in prostate 4. Histo appearance |
1. compression of urethra, retention of urine in bladder
2. DHT 3. 5 alpha reductase, type 2 4. nodularity due to proliferation/dilation of glands & stroma |
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Describe 3 genetic changes found in prostate cancer
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Most common epigenetic alteration found in prostate cancer
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hypermethylation of gluthation S-transferase
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Prostate specific Ag:
1. produced by what cells? 2. 7 things that elevate serum levels 3. 3 things that reduce levels 4. change in serum levels w/ age |
1. prostatic epithelial cells
2. prostate ca, BPH, prostatitis, trauma, infarct, DRE, ejaculation 3. 5 alpha reductase inhibs, androgen deprivation, prostatectomy 4. increases |
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4 ways to evaluate PSA levels
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Gross and histo features of prostate ca
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gross: palpably hard, tan/white nodules in peripheral zone
histo: infiltrating small glands, prominent nucleoli, single-cell layer |
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2 congenital abNLs of the male urethral opening
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Hypospadia: opening on ventral surface of penise
Epispadias: opening on dorsal surface |
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2 congenital abNLs of the male prepuce
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phimosis: prepuce can't be retracted, possibly from poor hygiene & infection
paraphymosis: phimotic prepuce is forcibly retracted, constriction & swelling |
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3 bacterial penile infections
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1. gonorrhea: urethritis, urethral strictures
2. chlamydia: urethritis, lymphogranuloma venereum 3. syphilis: chancre, rash, Condyloma latum |
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3 types of viral penile infections
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1. HSV
2. molluscum contagiosum (poxvirus) 3. condyloma acuminatum (venereal wart, HPV 6 & 11) |
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4 risk factors of penile squamous cell carcinoma
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1. poor hygeine
2. phimosis 3. accum of smegma 4. hx of genital warts (HPV 16 & 18) |
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1. What is cryptorchidism?
2. 2 complications 3. Histo finding |
1. undescended testis/testes
2. infertility, germ cell neoplasia 3. tubular atrophy |
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--What is the tunica vaginalis?
--5 types of dilations |
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3 classes of causes of epididymitis & orchitis
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1. VIRAL - Mumps, Coxackie B
2. BACTERIAL - E. coli, Neisseria & Chlamydia 3. GRANULOMATOUS - Tb, Syphilis, Leprosy, Brucellosis, Sarcoidosis |
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2 types of testicular tumors
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Clinical differences between testicular seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
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4 types of pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumors
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1. Most common testicular germ cell tumor
2. Most common testicular sex cord stromal tumor 3. Most common testicular tumor < 3yo 4. Most common testicular malignancy in > 60yos |
1. seminoma
2. Leydig cell tumor 3. Yolk Sac Tumor 4. lymphoma |
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2 molecular markers of testicular yolk sac tumors
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alpha fetoprotein
alpha1-antitrypsin |
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Pathognomonic finding in Leydig cell tumors
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crystalloids of Reinke
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