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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Neoplasia.
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Process of new growth
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Define Neoplasm.
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New growth
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Define Oncology
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Study of tumor
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Define Cancer
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Common term for malignancy
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T/F - All neoplasms are malignant.
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FALSE: They can be either or.
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What are the two components of neoplasms.
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1. Parenchyma
2. Stroma |
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What does parenchyma (clonal neoplastic cells) do?
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Neoplasmic cells that determine biologic behavior of a tumor
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Reactive Stroma is what kind of tissue?
What does reactive stroma do? Amount of Stroma determines what in tumors? |
Connective Tissue
Non-neoplasmic support tissue for the Parenchyma (clonal neoplastic cells) assisting in angiogenesis and growth. Determines consistency of tumors |
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Define Desmoplasia.
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Abundant collagenous stroma due to stimulation by parenchymal cells
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5 examples of benign epithelial neoplasms
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1. Polyp
2. Adenoma 3. Papilloma 4. Papillary cystadenoma 5. Cystadenoma |
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Define adenoma and give some examples.
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A benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from glands or forms glandular structures.
Thyroid, bronchial, renal tubular, and hepatic cell adenoma |
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Define papilloma and give some examples.
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A benign epithelial neoplasm that forms finger-like projections or warty projections.
Choroid plexus papilloma, intraductal papilloma of the breast. |
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Define cystadenoma and give a common site.
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A benign epithelial neoplasm that forms a cystic structure.
Ovaries |
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Define papillary cystadenoma and give a common site.
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Cystadenoma with papillary projections on its internal surface.
Ovaries |
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Define polyps and give examples.
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Benign and malignant epithelial neoplasm that produces a visible protrusion above the mucosal surface.
Colonic and uterine polyps |
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Malignant polyps are termed what?
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Polypoid CA
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What are benign mesenchymal tumors of the connective tissue? x 4
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1. Fibroma
2. Lipoma 3. Osteoma 4. Chondroma |
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What are benign mesenchymal tumors of the endothelial and related tissues. x 3
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1. Hemangioma
2. Lymphangioma 3. Meningioma |
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What are the benign mesenchymal tumors of the muscle? x 2
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1. Leiomyoma
2. Rhabdomyoma |
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Define Lipoma
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Benign mesenchymal tumor of the adipose tissue
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Structural and color character of lipoma.
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Well circumscribed mass.
Cut surface is yellow. |
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What is the most common benign tumor in males.
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Lipoma
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Define Fibroma
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Benign mesenchymal tumor of fibrous tissue
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Define Chondroma
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Benign mesenchymal tumor of hyaline cartilage
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Define Osteoma
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Benign mesechymal tumor of bone.
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Define Hemangioma.
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Benign mesenchymal tumor of blood vessels
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Define lymphangioma
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Benign mesenchymal tumor of lymph vessels
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Define Leiomyoma.
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Benign tumors of the smooth muscle
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What is the most common tumor in females?
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Leiomyoma
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Define Rhabdomyoma
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Benign mesenchymal tumor of striated muscle
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What is a commmon site for rhabdomyoma
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Heart
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What are the three types of benign neoplasms?
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1. Tumors composed of one parenchymal cell type
2. Tumor composed of more than one neoplastic cell type but derived from one germ line. 3. Tumor composed of more than one neoplastic cell type derived from more than one germ layer. |
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Give an example of a tumor composed of more than one neoplastic cell type but derived from one germ layer.
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Pleomorphic Adenoma (AKA Mixed tumor of salivary gland)
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What is pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor)?
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Benign neoplasm of the salivary gland (parotid).
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Define Rhabdomyoma
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Benign mesenchymal tumor of striated muscle
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What is a commmon site for rhabdomyoma
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Heart
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What are the three types of benign neoplasms?
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1. Tumors composed of one parenchymal cell type
2. Tumor composed of more than one neoplastic cell type but derived from one germ line. 3. Tumor composed of more than one neoplastic cell type derived from more than one germ layer. |
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Give an example of a tumor composed of more than one neoplastic cell type but derived from one germ layer.
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Pleomorphic Adenoma (AKA Mixed tumor of salivary gland)
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What is pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor)?
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Benign neoplasm of the salivary gland (parotid).
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Give an example of a tumor composed of more than one neoplastic cell type derived from more than one germ layer.
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Teratoma
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Where does teratoma arise from?
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Totipotent cells
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Teratoma are common where?
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Gonads
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A mature teratoma is _____?
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Benign
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An immature teratoma is _______ and also called what?
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Malignant
Teratocarcinoma |
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What are the three types of malignant neoplasms
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1. Carcinoma
2. Sarcoma 3. Lymphoma |
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Define carcinoma
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Malignant neoplasm that is epithelial in origin
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Define sarcoma
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Malignant neoplasm that is mesenchymal in origin.
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Define lymphoma
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Malignant neoplasm associated with the immune system.
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Define squamous cell carcinoma
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Malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from squamous epithelium.
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Define adenocarcinoma.
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Malignant epithelial neoplasm that forms glands or arises from glandular tissue
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Define Choristoma.
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Normal tissue misplaced within another organ.
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Define Hamartoma.
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Non-neoplastic growth of disorganized tissue indigenous to a particular site.
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Define hypertrophy.
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Increase in size of cell
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Define Hyperplasia
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Increase in number of cells
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Define metaplasia
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Replacement of one adult cell type by another
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Define dysplasia
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Abnormal growth which is a precursor of malignancy
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Define anaplasia
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Loss of differentiation and feature of malignancy
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Define differentiation.
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Extent to which a parenchymal tumor cell resembles a comparable normal cell both functionally and morphologically.
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Describe the differentiation of benign tumors.
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Well differentiated
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Describe the differentiation of malignant tumors.
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Range from well to poorly differentiated
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Describe the morphology of malignant cells. x 5
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1. Chromatin clumping (large nucleoli, bizarre mitosis)
2. Hyperchromasia (increased DNA) 3. Anaplastic cells growing in disorganized fashion 4. Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape) 5. Increased Nucleus:Cytoplasmic ratio (to 1:1, when nl is 1:4 to 1:6) |
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Describe the growth rate of benign tumors.
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Grow slowly
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Describe the growth rate of malignant tumors
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Grow rapidly
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Rate of growth usually correlates with what?
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Degree of differentiation.
Slow growth with well differentiated, and rapid growth rate with pooly differentiated. |
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Factors that determine rate of growth for tumors. x 2
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1. Blood supply
2. Hormones |
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Describe the local invasion for benign tumors
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Grow as expansile masses without the ability to infiltrate, invade, or metastasize.
Capsule is noted |
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Describe the local invasion for malignant tumors
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Grow by progressive infiltration, invasion, and destruction of the surrounding tissue.
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Define metastases.
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Tumor implants discontinuous with the primary tumor.
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Presence of metastates indicate a tumor is what?
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Malignant, but rare exception have been reported.
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What are pathways of tumors to spread? x 3
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1. Seeding of body cavities and surfaces.
2. Lymphatic spread 3. Hematogenous spread |
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What is the most common pathway for the initial dissemination of carcinomas?
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Lymphatic spread
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What is the most common pathway for the dissemination of sarcomas?
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Hematogenous spread
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What is the most common metastatic bone site?
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Vertebral column
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Two types of bone metastasis.
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Osteoblastic metastasis
Osteolytic metastasis |
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Pain in bone metastasis is treated with what?
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Radiation
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Radiodensity and prostate CA is associated with what?
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Osteoblastic metastasis
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Radiolucencies and Lung CA is associated with what?
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Osteolytic metastasis
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Osteoblastic metastasis show increased levels of what?
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Serum Alkaline Phosphate
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Why is the vertebral column the most common metastatic site in bone?
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Due to Batson paravertebral venous plexus connecting vena cava with vertebral bodies.
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Grade of CA is based on what?
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Degree of differentiation
and Number of mitoses |
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Grade of CA correlates with what?
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Aggresiveness of neoplasm
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What is the scale of CA Grades?
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Four grades. Grade I is well differentiated and Grade IV is poorly differentiated.
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Stage of CA determines what?
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The extent of spread.
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Stage of CA based on what?
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1. Tumor size
2. Spread to lymph nodes 3. Presence/absence of metastases |
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What are the two major staging systems?
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1. TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastases) Staging
2. AJC (American Joint Committee) on CA Staging |
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What is Dukes staging for?
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Colon CA staging
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Describe the stages of Dukes staging.
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Dukes'A: Carcinoma limited to the wall of GI tract
Dukes'B: Carcinoma extends into the pericolic fat. Dukes'C: Involvement of lymph nodes Dukes'D: Visceral metastases |
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What are the predisposing factors of CA. x 4
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1. Hereditary
2. Age and Childhood 3. Geographic and Ethnic 4. Environmental and Cultural |
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Inherited Cancer Syndromes exhibit what kind of inheritance pattern?
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Autosomal Dominant
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Describe the inherited predisposition to CA. x 3
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1. Inherited CA Syndrome (AD)
2. Familial CA (same area) 3. Autosomal Recessive Syndromes of Defective DNA Repair |
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Which predisposition to CA has an early age of onset?
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Familial CA
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T/F - Familial CA are associated with a specific marker phenotype.
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False
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