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84 Cards in this Set

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Name the trace essential minerals (6).
Copper, Fluoride, Iodine, Iron, Selenium, Zinc.
An excess of trace essential mineral copper can lead to Wilson's disease which is when...
defective liver excretion of copper into the bile forces copper to increase in blood and accumulate in tissues like liver, brain, eyes and others. Can lead to liver failure and neurologic, psychiatric problems. Also a greenish-gold ring around the cornea.
[ Deficiency / Excess ] in fluoride leads to fluorosis which is when you get mottled or pitted enamel, cavities, or bones become too hard and thus less resilient leading to breaks.
Excess!

(Deficiency sympotoms are tooth decay and weak bones.)
Essential trace mineral __________ is associated with goiters (from hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism).
Iodine.

This is a necessary component of thyroxine, which increases metabolic rate.
This trace mineral is an essential component of thyroxine, which increases metabolic rate.
Iodine
True or False:

Hypothyroidism in the US is most often caused by dietary deficiency of Iodine.
False. Iodine deficiency is rare where iodized salt is available. Rather, in the US it is often caused by underactive thyroid or insufficient production/release of thyroxine
Of the six essential minerals, which one is the most common mineral deficiency?
Iron, especially in women and children. Usually caused by excess bleeding where loss exceeds intake.
What are the symptoms of excess iron?
Chronic: early symptoms are fatigue, joint pain. Later arthritis, liver disease, diabetes, heart abnormalities, skin discoloration.

Acute: vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal damage.
Of the five ways mentioned in lecture, name two of the ways iron levels are controlled in our body.
- Regulated uptake and secretion into blood (main point of regulated Fe accumulation).
- Oxidation to Iron by ceruloplasmin and homologues
- binding to iron ot transferrin in the blood
- internalization and release of transferrin/ Fe3+
- binding to cytochromes, etc., storage in ferritin (short) or hemosiderin (long)
Which essential mineral is related to soil content? Hint: deficiency is likely due to inability to deal with oxidative stress. Deficiency leads to cardiomyopathy and muscle weakness and degeneration.
Selenium
Which essential mineral deficiency usually occurs in people who eat little animal or seafood products?

A. Selenium
B. Zinc
C. Iron
B. Zinc!

A deficiency in zinc can also be caused by interaction with phytic acid from grain-based foods or by malabsorption.
Symptoms of this essential trace mineral deficiency include: loss of apetite, slow growth in youth. Impaired taste and smell, dermatitis.
Zinc
An excess of this trace mineral can yield symptoms of : metallic taste, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, rapid breathing, sweating and weakness (metal fume fever).
Zinc
However, people who eat a variety of foods are unlikely to develop most vitamin deficiencies. But deficiency can develop if people follow restrictive diets. For example, vegans commonly lack _____ and people on very low fat diets lack _____.
vegans: B12

very low fat diets: Vitamin A and E
Which vitamins are water soluble and which are fat soluble?
Water: B, C
Fat: A, D, E, K

This matters because water-soluble vitamins tend to be eliminated from the body more quickly than fat soluble vits (exception B12). Water-sol vits are more likely to be lost or destroyed when food is prepared.
Name the fat-soluble vitamins and where they are generally stored.
Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K.

Stored in liver and adipose tissues.
True or False:
Cooking does NOT typically result in a loss of fat-soluble vitamins.
True. Cooking does affect the water-soluble vitamins tho.
Folic acid is a [ fat soluble / water soluble ] vitamin.
water soluble! Folic Acid is the same as B9 and all Bs are water-soluble vitamins.
Deficiency in this water-soluble vitamin is due either to malnutrition or malabsorption, particularly induced by high alcohol consumption or certain drugs like methotrexate, and sulfa drugs. (Deficiency first affect cells that divide and multiply rapidly such as those in GI tract.)
Folate (B9)
What is the importance of niacin (aka B3, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide)?
It is an essential component of NAD(H) and NADP(H).
Is required for metabolism of carbs, fats and other substances.
People eating an inadequate ______ diet will can suffer from niacin deficiency and can have a condition known as ___________ (recall, not from choices below).

A. Fat
B. Protein
C. Sodium
D. Wheat
E. Milk
B. Protein; pellegra

In poorly nourished people and alcoholics, people can develope pellegra due to a niacin deficiency. This includes symmetric dark red rashes on the hands, feet, and around the neck and face. Tongue and mouth may become inflamed.
Which water-soluble vitamin is required for FAD(H) to be made?

A. Niacin (B3; Nicotinic acid; nicotinamide)
B. Folate (B9)
C. Riboflavin (B2)
D. Thiamine (B1)
C. Riboflavin (B2)
This water-soluble vitamin:
- is widely available in plants but not made by animals
- is a cofactor for many enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism
- can be deficient in alcoholics, and people who eat a high proportion of highly processed grains
- when deficient, symptoms include nerve, cardiac and brain abnorm. and can eventually lead to wernicke's encephalopathy.

A. Thiamine (B1) B. Folate (B9) C. Niacin (B3)
A. Thiamine Deficiency
The following are ________ (recall) deficiencies.
Match the description to the correct condition:
"Nerve and muscle abnormalities develop. Muscles may atrophy. Prickling sensation in toes, burning in feet, especially at night. Leg cramps and pain."
A. Dry Beriberi
B. Wet Beriberi
C. Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Thiamine deficiency leading to Dry Beriberi, A.
The following are _________ deficiencies. Match the description to the correct condition. "Usually seen in alcoholics, set off by a binge. Confusion, difficulty walking, nystagmus, confabulation. May result in death or permanent brain damage."
A. Dry Beriberi
B. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
C. Wet Beriberi
Thiamin

B. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
The following are _________ (recall) deficiencies.
Match the description to the correct condition.
"Primarily cardiovascular in nature. Heart abnormalities develop. Heart pumps more blood and beats faster. Edema and congestive heart failure may develop leading to shock and death."
A. Dry Beriberi
B. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
C. Wet Beriberi
thiamine

C. Wet Beriberi
Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A mutase (MUT) an important enzyme in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats, and 5-methylTHF-homocysteine methyltransferase which catalyzes homocysteine into methione are important enzymes that require _______.

A. Niacin (B3)
B. Folate (B9)
C. Riboflavin (B2)
D. Thiamine (B1)
E. B12
E. B12
Which water soluble vitamin deficiency leads to pernicious anemia?


A. Niacin (B3)
B. Folate (B9)
C. Riboflavin (B2)
D. Thiamine (B1)
E. B12
E. B12
Which water-soluble vitamin is a cofactor for all amino transfer reactions (PLP)?

A. Thiamine (B1)
B. Folate (B9)
C. Niacin (B3)
D. B12
E. B6
E. B6
This fat-soluble vitamin is important for:
- function of retinal (a light capturing molecule in the retina)
- function of retinoic acid (a transcriptional activator)
- promotes epithelial health, particularly skin, lungs, GI, urinary tract
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D.
A. Vitamin A
Deficiency symptoms in this fat-soluble vitamin:
- initial night blindness
- xeropthalmia (dry eyes)
- ulceration of cornea, potentially leading to blindess
- dry scaly skin; thickening of epithelial layer
Vitamin A
This fat-soluble vitamin has three "flavors" and is maintained via calcium, PO4 levels in blood, promotes bone mineralization and promotes muscle strength and a good immune system.
Vitamin D
A deficiency in this fat-soluble vitamin can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. The bones soften leading to deformity and increased fractures.
Vitamin D
Rickets CAN be reversed in [ children / adults ] by what treatment?
children; Vitamin D treatment
An excess of what vitamin can cause hypercalcemia?
Hypercalcemia is too much calcium. Thus, Vitamin D since Vitamin D helps moderate Calcium uptake.
Tocopherols, also known as __________, function as non-enzymatic lipophilic antioxidants. This is stored at very high amounts in fat and thus deficiency is very rare.
Vitamin E
Premature infants with a deficiency in this vitamin may develop a serious form of anemia, have weak muscles, develop retinopathy of prematurity. Administering this vitamin helps though may increases sepsis in premies.
Vitamin E.
This vitamin is important for several factors in coagulation. Thus, deficiency leads to impaired clotting, bruising, hemorrhage, bone weakening.
Vitamin K
Nutrients are any substance that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue and sustain life. What are the macro-nutrients and what are the micro-nutrients?
Macro-nutrients: carbohydrates, fat, protein.
Micro-nutrients: vitamins, minerals

Water is also included as a nutrient kinda in lecture.
Carbohydrates are found as complex-carbohydrates and simple, or mono/disaccharides. Put the following in the correct category of carbs: fruits and juices, grains, refined sugars and sweeteners, starchy veggies
grains and starchy veggies = complex carbs

fruits and juices, refined sugars and sweeteners = mono, di sachharides
What does the Glycemic Index refer to?
The rise in blood sugar relative to pure glucose after ingestion of carbohydrates. Glucose is "1". The higher the GI index, the higher the insulin spikes and the more association with Type 2 diabetes risk. Polysaccharides have a loewr GI.
True or False:

There is evidence that shows that individuals who eat high glycemic index foods have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and that those who eat foods on the lower glycemic index lower their risk for type 2 diabetes.
FALSE.

The first part is true that increased GI is associated with increased Type 2 diabetes but there is no evidence for the lower GI leading to less risk of Type II diabetes.
There are 2 types of dietary fiber. Put the following in the respective category:
A. oatmeal and oat bran
B. whole grains (brown rice, bran)
C. most fruits
D. dry beans and peas
E. most veggies
Soluble: A, C, D. (can be dissolved in water)

Insolube: B., E. (cannot be dissolved in water)
On the spectrum of "whole-graininess", put these in order of least to most nutritious:

enriched grains, fortified grains, refined grains.
Refined grains (processed grains) , enriched grains (refined but had nutrients put back in em), fortified (extra stuff not originally found in the food was added)
Fats are >90% TAG and have more than_______ the caloric content of carbohydrates and proteins.

A. 1.5 times
B. 2 times
C. 3 times
B. 2 times
True or False:
Saturated fats are associated with cholesterol and increased risk of atherosclerosis, cancers.
True
What are the essential fatty acids?
linoleic (omega-6) and linolenic (omega-3) - these are essential for the formation of eicosanoids (omega-6; AA- arachadonic acid) and endocannabinoids and DHA and EPA (omega-3)
This macronutrient can be gained from meat, eggs, beans and legumes, nuts, whole grains, dairy and cheese.
Protein
What are the essential amino acids?
PVT TIM HALL
(Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Iso, Met, His, Arg, Lys, Leu)
What does biological value of proteins refer to?
The idea that not all proteins are equal. Biological value of an egg = 100. A score of 60% means that the greatest limiting aa is only 60% of an egg.
Grains lack ________ whereas beans lack __________. Eat both and you'll get a full source of essential amino acids.
Grains lack lysine; Beans lack methionine
True or False:


Nutritional deficits and obesity are NOT necessarily exclusive. You can have too many calories and still lack certain essential nutrients or vitamins.
True
The amount of any one nutrient known to protect 97-98% of the population against deficiency is called:
A. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
B. Recommended Dietary Allowance
(RDA)
C. Adequate Intake (AI)
B. Recommended Dietary Allowance
(RDA)

EAR is for 50% ; AI is for 75%
What are factors that influences one's dietary recommended intake? Name a few of the 7 presented.
Age, gender, pregnancy, lactation, height, illness, injury.
Excess energy intake is stored primarily as _____ in the ______ for short term or ____ in the _____ for long term.
glycogen in the liver and muscle for short term; fat in adipose tissue for long term
What do the following acronyms stand for and relate?
A. Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)
B. Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)
A. REE = energy burned at baseline resting
B. DIT = it takes energy to extract energy, but this is usually ignored bc negligible when counting calories.
True or False:
Basal Metabolic Rate can be calculated by 24 x kg BW
True,

Roughly equivalent to REE for the young, healthy, and near ideal body weight individual
Σ[(REE/24) x activity factor for that hr] is the equation for
A. Daily Energy Expenditure
B. Basal Metabolic Rate
C. Diet Induced Thermogenesis
A. Daily Energy Expenditure
1 lb of fat is equal to _________ kcal
3,500 kcal
BMI bases how much you should weigh based on your _______.
height
What are the underweight, healthy, overweight, obese BMI cutoffs?
Underweight: 18.5 or less
Healthy: 18.5-24.9
Overweight: 25-29.9
Obese: 30+
(Morbidly obese = 40+)
What populations are the exceptions to using BMI?
Body builders, elderly, children.
Besides BMI, other factors like diet, physical activity, smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels influence health. What are other measures to asses health risks? (2)
Waist-to-hip ratio. Waist circumference.
The thinking about this measurement to assess health risks is that the ratio tells the diff between subcutaneous fat stored in butt and gut versus visceral fat which is in between the organs of the body. It is the visceral fat that is thought to lead to a higher probability of leading to the illnesses.
Waist-to-hip ratio.
True or False:

If obesity is redefined using waist-to-hip ratio instead of BMI, the proportion of people categorized as at risk of heart attack would increase THREEFOLD.
True!
Macro-nutrient deficit disorder marasmus is...
A. due to inadequate intake of energy (calorie malnutrition) and is characterized by arrested growth, emaciation, weakness and anemia.
B. due to inadequate intake of protein and is characterized by edema, de-pigmented hair, anorexia, and enlarged fatty liver.
Marasmus is A. , calorie malnutrition.
Macro-nutrient deficit disorder Kwashiorkor is...
A. due to inadequate intake of energy (calorie malnutrition) and is characterized by arrested growth, emaciation, weakness and anemia.
B. due to inadequate intake of protein and is characterized by edema, de-pigmented hair, anorexia, and enlarged fatty liver.
Kwashiorkor is B., protein malnutrition. literally means something like the illness an older sibling gets when a new baby comes along.
This is necessary for THF and is ncessary for dTMP and purine synthesis.

A. Folic Acid
B. Niacin
C. Riboflavin
D. Thiamin
E. B12
A. Folic Acid
The deficiency in this yields a buildup of homocystine and can cause megaloblastic anemia. (2 answers)
Folate (B9) and B12
An excess of this can mask B12 deficiency.
Folic Acid ( B9)
A deficiency in this leads to pellegra, a condition where dark red rashes appear on body and tongue is bright red and sore.
Niacin B3
An excess of this is sometimes given to treat high cholesterol and high lipid levels though this excess can also cause itching and flushing.
Niacin B3
A deficiency in this in pregnant women can lead to neural tube defects in the baby.
Folic Acid B9
A deficiency in this can lead to nerve, cardiac and muscle problems like the various beriberis
Thiamin B1
This is important as a cofactor to two important enzymes: Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A mutase (MUT)
and 2.5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase.
B12
This is a common deficiency in vegans.
B12
This is an important cofactor in amino transfer reactions.
Pyridoxine B6
A deficiency in this is otherwise called scurvy and causes the teeth to fall out, gums to bleed and easy bruising.
Vitamin C
An excess of this is sometimes Rxed to treat carpal tunnel, PMS and nerve damage.
Pyridoxine, B6
What are normal protein needs for an individual?
Normal Protein needs: 0.8-1.0 grams per kg body weight per day, maintenance, non-stress
For wound healing, critically ill and burn victims, they need [ less / more ] protein in their diet than a normal individual.
more.

Wound Healing:
Protein Needs: 1.5-2.0 grams/kg for Large wounds

Adult Burns and Critically Ill patients:
Protein needs are elevated from 0.8 -1.0 to 1.2-2.0 grams per kg body weight per day
How much vitamin C do people undergoing wound healing need per day? How about for people undergoing critical illness or burns?
All need the mentioned need

Vitamin C 500 mg BID
Who needs more Vitamin A per day-
people undergoing wound healing or people undergoing critical illnesses or burns?
people undergoing wound healing!

Vitamin A: 25,000 IU daily for 10 days for large wounds


vs.
critically ill or burn victims
10,000 IU vitamin A once daily
For individuals with diabetes Type II, what are the proportions for each macronutrient?

______ of calories from carbohydrates, ______ calories from protein, and _____ from fat.
~50% of calories from carbohydrates, 20% of calories from protein, and 30% from fat.