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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Power Vacuum leading up to M. 'Ali's rise to power
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Mamluks (defacto rulers) were weakened by Napoleon, who defeated them in 1798. French and British withdraw in 1801-1803. Political Anarchy Takes hold.
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M. 'Ali's consolidation of power (1805ish)
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-Nominated governor in 1805.
-Mamluks (tax farmers) were removed, state officials. -Controlled 'ulama by establishing directory of Waqf |
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M. Ali created a new clan of landowners....
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Offered them a track of state land 1st in usufruct then in perpetuity then as freehold. Loyal land owners who had state land given to them.
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M. 'Ali's agricultural reforms
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Developed irrigation projects.
-Damn and canals -INK SOLUTION--new Euro style Cotton |
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Why did Industrialization fail (Euro style)
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-Lack of local skills/industrial culture
-Shortage of int/ext societies -Euro competition in ME (Brit-Ottoman Commercial treaty) |
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British Ottoman Commercial Treaty
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Led to M. Ali's demise. Free trade/less monopolies. Muhammad 'Ali couldn't industrialize. External customs very high 12%, compared to internal. With Ottomans---they had control of Egypt?
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Saint Simon's influence on M. Ali
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Claude de Saint Simon was founder of French Socialism. Utopian Socialism and technological adventure. M. 'Ali was an enlightened despot who wanted to to experiment w/ideal society in Egypt.
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Ferdinand de Lesseps
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Constructed Suez Canal in 1869, was a St. Simonian.
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Egyptian dependence on foreign loans...
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St. Simonians laid the foundation, foreign debts. Resulted in foreign occupation of Egypt - 1882.
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M. Ali's Substantive economy
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Wanted an unlimited economy, cotton and faciliting world economy through the Suez Canal.
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M. 'Ali's vision w/economic reform
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Wanted to create a modern army, consolidate dynasty. Whole economic reform was not for betterment fof people. Wanted to establish creation of an empire in the dynasty.
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M. 'Ali's Army modernization
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-got rid of old/factional troops in Arabia and Sudan
-Recruited for new European stule army (1st from Sudan) Nizami Jedid (New order--mil groups). -Estab. technical schools and hospitals/student missions to Europe |
