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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
First Line of defense are what membranes? |
physical barriers and chemical barriers |
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What types of Physical Barriers are there? |
epidermis, mucous, nose hairs, cilia in upper respiratory |
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Epidermis does what for a physical barrier? |
they are closely packed, keratinized cells that shed periodically
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mucous membranes does what for physical barriers? |
mucus traps microbes and foreign substances |
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what two types of chemical barriers are there? |
fluids and chemicals |
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What type of fluids are a chemical barrier |
lacrimal fluid, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions, defecation and vomiting |
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in lacrimal fluid, what enzyme breaks down bacteria? |
lysozyme |
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Chemical barriers include what? |
sebaceous glands secrete sebum, perspiration, gastric juice, vaginal secretions |
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What are interferons produced by? |
produced by lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts infected by viruses |
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Why are interferons produced? |
to prevent replication in neighboring uninfected cells |
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What is Complement? |
Proteins in blood plasma and plasma membranes |
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Complement does what? |
enhance certain immune reactions, cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation |
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What are Iron-binding proteins? |
inhibit growth of bacteria by reducing available iron |
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What are antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)? |
short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity |
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What do antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) do? |
attract dendritic cells and mast cells that participate in immune response |
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What are Natural Killer Cells? |
Lymphocytes, but not B or T cells |
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What do Natural Killer Cells do? |
1. kill variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells 2. attack cell displaying abnormal or unusual plasma membranes proteins 3. release perforin or granzymes |
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what is perforin? |
NKC release perforin attaches to target cell and inserted into plasma protein, it then creates holes to the point where interstitial fluid floods in and the cell explodes |
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What is Granzymes? |
protein; makes the digestive enzymes go under apoptosis |
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Is inflammation specific or nonspecific and what is it? |
nonspecific; defensive response of body to tissue damage |
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The function of Inflammation is? |
dispose of microbs, prevent spread, and prepare site for tissue repair |
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Stages of Inflammation? |
1.Vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability 2. Emigration 3. Tissue Repair |
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Vasodilation's function? |
increased diameter of arterioles allows more blood flow through area bringing supplies and removing debris |
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Increased Permeability Function? |
substances normally retained in the blood are permitted to pass out - antibodies and clotting factors |
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What are other factors of vasodilation and increased permeability of BV? |
Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), complement |
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What cells release Histamine? |
mast cells, basophils, platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages |
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what does the emigration of phagocytes depend on? |
Chemotaxis |
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What are the 5 stages of phagocytosis? |
1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion 5. Killing |
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What is Chemotaxis? |
a chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes to a site of damage |
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What chemicals attract phagocytes? |
invading microbes, WBC, damaged tissue cells, or activated complement proteins |
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What is emigration? |
Neutrophils, or WBC, leave blood stream and squeeze between endothelial cells |
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Do Neutrophils die in the early stages of infection? |
Yes |
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What do monocytes change into and are they more potent than neutrophils? |
They change into macrophages and yes |
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What is pus? |
pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue |
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What cells are phagocytes? |
fixed macrophages, neutrophils, free macrophages, esoinophils, and monocytes |
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what cell are considered "border guards" of the body? |
Natural Killer Cells |
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what is the complement system? |
attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes, and stimulates inflammation |
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the steps of inflammatory response |
1. blood flow increased 2. phagocytes activated 3. capillary permeability increased 4. complement activated 5. clotting reaction walls of region 6. regional temperature increased 7. specific defenses activated |
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What is the function of non-specific phagocytes? |
remove cellular debris and respond to invasion by foreign pathogens |
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What are the types of phagocytes? |
monocyte-macrophage system - fixed and free, microphages (neutrophils and esinophils) |
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What cells are macrophages? |
fixed macrophages and monocytes |
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What are neutrophil's function? |
"eat" invading bacteria and cellular debris |
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What are Esinophil's function? |
target foreign cpds or pathogens coated with antibodies |
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What 3 types of interferons are released? |
alpha, beta, and gamma |
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what produces Alpha cells and what is Alpha cell's function? |
produced by leukocytes; attract/stimulate NK cells |
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what produces Beta Cells and what is Beta Cell's function? |
secreted by fibroblasts; causes slow inflammation |
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What produces Gamma Cells and What is Gamma cells function? |
secreted by T cells; Nk cells stimulate macrophage activity |
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What is the function of the Complement system? |
destroy target cell membranes, stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes, enhance phagocytosis |
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What is the complement system? |
cascade of plasma complement proteins (C) |
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What two pathways do the complement system interact on? |
Classical and Alternative |
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What is the Classical Pathway? |
antibodies bind to antigens that initiates the proteins which then initiates phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation |
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What is the Alternative Pathway? |
initiated by lipid-carbohydrate complexes on the surface of microbs and complement protein factors B, D, P - initiates the proteins |
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What cells induce fever? |
pyrogens |
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What is pyrogen's function? |
reset the hypothalamic thermostat and raise body temp |
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What agents can act like pyrogens? |
pathogens, toxins, antigen-antibody complexes |