• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/86

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

86 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The lymphatic system is comprised of _______, just like the _____________ system.
Vessels, cardiovascular
What is a network of vessels that return excess tissue fluid?
The lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system carries fats from the _____ _________ to the ____ where they are converted into _____ and ____.
Small intestine, liver, VLDLs and LDLs.
What is associated with lymph vessels and contains phagocytic cells that remove and destroy pathogens from the tissue fluid before returing it to the circulatory system?
Lymph nodes.
What type of lymph pathway can be described as a tiny tube in which fluid enters by diffusion?
Lymph capillary.
What type of lymph pathway shares the same three tunics that a vein has along with valves to prevent backflow?
Lymph vessels.
What are five different lymph trunks?
Lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchiomediastinum, subclavian.
What part of the body does the thoracic duct take care of?
The right side of the body abovethe diaphragm.
What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct take care of?
The left side of the body and everything below the diaphragm.
What does tissue become when it enters the lymphatic vessels?
Lymph.
What is tissue fluid composed of?
H20, O2, CO2, other nutrients and waste.
What type of pressure forces fluid into the lymphatic capillaries?
Interstitial pressure.
What vein does the lymphatic system flow into?
The subclavian vein.
What part of the lymph system (hint: not a cell) destroys potential pathogens?
Lymph nodes (where leukocytes are)
What two things keep lymph flowing through the lymph vessels?
Breathing motions, and skeletal muscle contraction.
If something interferes with lymph flow, it will cause _____.
Edema.
What eight areas of the body contain groups of lymph nodes?
Cervical region, axillary region, inguinal region, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity, and the supratrochlear (elbow) region.
What take of leukocyte does a lymph node produce?
Lymphocyte.
What lymph organ is located behind the mediastinum?
Thymus.
The thymus _____ as you get older.
Shrinks.
What is a soft bilobed organ?
Thymus.
Lymphocytes mature in _-___________ in the ______.
T-Lymphocyte, thymus.
What hormone that is secreted by the thymus initiates the maturation of a lymphocyte into a T-lymphocyte?
Thymosin.
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
The spleen.
The spleen is divided into _______.
Lobules.
In the spleen, what does white pulp contain?
Lymphocytes.
In the spleen, what does the red pulp contain?
Erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes.
What lymphatic organ filters the blood, removes damaged red blood cells, platelets, and bacteria?
The spleen.
What is the function of the spleen?
To filter the blood, remove damaged red blood cells, platelets, and bacteria.
Lymph nodules are like lymph nodes, except they are not surrounded by what?
A fibrous cap[sule.
Since nodules are not encased, they can get very large as ____________ increase in number.
Lymphocytes.
Where are tonsils located?
On the wall of the pharnyx.
Where are peyer's pathces located?
In the lining of the intestine.
Where is the appendix located?
The ascending colon.
Nonspecific responses work equally well on ___ ________.
all pathogens.
Species resistance means what?
That certain pathogens will simply not make a certain species sick; immunity.
Mechanical barriers attempt to keep the pathogen out of where?
The blood.
The epidermis is an example of what type of barrier?
Mechanical.
Mucous membranes are what type of barrier?
Mechanical.
Hair and cilia is an example of what type of barrier?
Mechanical.
The lacrimal (tear) glands and saliva contain lysozymes, and are what type of barrier?
Mechanical.
Urination, defecation, and vomitting are reactions meant to eliminate a particular pathogen from the body, and these actions are considered what type of barrier?
Mechnical.
Chemical barriers attempt to keep pathogens out of the ____.
Blood.
The acid pH of the skin is what type of barrier?
Chemical.
The lysozyme enzyme itself is considered what type of barrier?
Chemical.
The gastic juice of the stomach, with a pH of 1.5, is what type of barrier?
Chemical.
The chemical interferon, which is produced by viral infected cells and plugs up viral receptors on other cells, is what type of barrier?
Chemical.
Inflammation isolates the ________. The leukocytes arrives quickly through __________.
Pathogen, diapedisis.
What happens first to help isolate the pathogen in inflammation?
Fibroblasts produce a sac around the area.
What two chemicals are released that cause both vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?
Histamine and prostaglandins.
Inflammation increases _____ ____ to the affected tissues.
Blood flow.
What three leukocytes phagocytize bacteria?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.
When you have a fever, what chemical is released, and what nutrient is NOT released by the liver?
Pyrogen, and iron.
What type of defense guards against a very specific pathogen?
Specific defense.
What cells function in pathogen immunity?
Lymphocytes.
Where do T-cells mature?
The thymus.
Where do B-cells mature?
The bone marrow.
Where do B and T cells reside?
The lymphatic organs.
When in contact with a pathogen, what chemical does the T-Helper cell release to activate the T-Cytotoxic cell?
Interleukan II.
What chemical does an antigen-bearing macrophage release to activate a T-Helper cell?
Interleukan I.
What chemical activates the T-Cytotoxic cell?
Interleukan II.
What chemical released by a T-Cytotoxic cell lyses, or splits, a foreign cell?
Perforin.
When the foreign antigen level falls, what cell is activated?
T-Suppressor.
What cell produces CYTOKINES that inhibit the production of B and T Cells?
T-Suppressor.
What is the function of memory cells?
To retain antigen information to respond in the future to the same pathogen. IMMUNITY.
What type of cell kills many types of cancer cells and viral infected cells by using perforin to destroy the plasma membrane?
Natural killer cells.
What letter does an antibody resemble?
Y.
What is another (longer) name for an antibody?
Immunoglobulin.
What three types of antibodies have very similar structure?
IgG, IgD, IgE.
On an antibody, what does the constant region identify?
The class of antibody.
What is the difference between active and passive immunities?
Active immuinty means you acquire the ANTIGENS from getting a pathogen or a vaccination. Passive immunity means the ANTIBODIES are transferred directly to you (you don't MAKE your own.)
What is the difference between naturally acquired and artificially acquired immunity?
It was obtained naturally (pathogen contraction) and adminstered artificially (vaccination).
What happens in agglutination?
Large numbers of antigens close together. Antibodies can then create large complexes.
What is attracted by antigens covered with antibodies?
Phagocytes.
What is it called when antibodies bind to viruses or backterial toxins and make them incapable of attaching to another cell?
Neutralization.
Antigens are easier to engulf when you coat them with what?
Opsonins, a complement protein.
Chemotaxis attracts what to an area where antigens are located?
Macrophages (neutrophils and eosinophils)
What two chemicals do basophils and mast cells release during inflammation faciliated by a complement protein?
Histamine (vasodilator), heparin (blood thinner)
What happens during lysis?
Ruptures antigenic membrane.
What is contained in a vaccine?
Weakened, dead, or a portion (like the protein coat of a virus) of a pathogen.
What is a cytokine?
Chemical produced by macrophages and T-Helper cells.
What type of antibody defends against bacteria, viruses, bacterial toxins, and comprises 80% of all the antibodies in the body?
IgG.
What type of antibody is found in mucus and teras and attacks pathogens before they enter body tissue?
IgA.
What type of antibody attacks those bacteria not sensitive to type IgG and is also responsible for blood type incompatability?
IgM.
What type of antibody plays a role in B cell activation and it bonds antigens in extracellular fluid to B cells?
IgD.
What type of antibody binds to surfaces of most cells and stimulates the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals, and is important in allergic responses?
IgE.