Ls15 Chapter 22

Front 1

Which is the most important concept in achieving a healthy diet?

Back 1

balance

Front 2

The six groups of nutrients needed in the human diet are:

Back 2

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.

Front 3

A food with "complete" protein contains

Back 3

all eight of the essential amino acids required by humans.

Front 4

Why can't insulin be eaten in the diet to treat diabetes?

Back 4

Since insulin is a protein it will be digested and broken down in the digestive tract.

Front 5

Why do birds eat gravel?

Back 5

gravel helps to grind up the food they eat.

Front 6

Why do so many weight-loss diets fail to work?

Back 6

They focus on weight reduction, not body fat reduction.

Front 7

Which of the following foods can be used to produce ATP in cellular respiration?

Back 7

carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

Front 8

Which of the following statements about omnivores is TRUE?

Back 8

Omnivores can digest both plants and animals.

Front 9

The four stages of food processing, in sequential order, are:

Back 9

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

Front 10

Which of the following is true about digestion?

Back 10

Elimination is the process where undigested food exits the digestive tract.

Front 11

Human females require around 1,400 kcal per day and human males around 1,700 kcal per day to survive.

Which of the following accounts for the difference in energy requirements between males and females?

Back 11

Males are typically larger than females and so have more energy requirements

Front 12

If achieving a healthy diet were boiled down to just two concepts, what might they be?

Back 12

getting appropriate quality and quantity of nutrients

Front 13

Digestion and absorption:

Back 13

describe the breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules (digestion) and the passage of those molecules into the bloodstream (absorption).

Front 14

Which of the following best explains why water must be included in the diet?

Back 14

Water is lost in defecation, respiration, and urination.

Front 15

Carnivores:

Back 15

prey on animals for their nutrition.

Front 16

Diabetes is caused by:

Back 16

a person's inability to produce insulin or the failure of their cells to respond to insulin

Front 17

The esophagus:

Back 17

moves food into the stomach via peristalsis.

Front 18

If a person doesn't ingest enough calories:

Back 18

muscles will be broken down to provide protein.

Front 19

Basal metabolic rate is best defined as:

Back 19

the energy needed to maintain life without any activity.

Front 20

In which digestive phase do energy-rich molecules actually enter the bloodstream and tissues of the body?

Back 20

absorption phase

Front 21

All organisms need energy. What are the two fundamentally different ways that they can get it?

Back 21

They can make it themselves or they can eat other organisms for energy.

Front 22

Water makes up about ___ percent of the body weight in mammals.

Back 22

60%

Front 23

Which of the following statements is true about a healthy diet?

Back 23

The quality of what we eat is as important as the quantity.

Front 24

Which of the following statements about diet and obesity is true? about obesity

Back 24

Obesity can be defined as having a BMI greater than 30.

Front 25

Most mammals (including humans) prefer the taste of fats to carbohydrates and proteins. Why?

Back 25

The caloric content of a gram of fat is more than double that of a gram of protein or carbohydrate.

Front 26

A kilocalorie:

Back 26

is 1000 times the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree Celsius.

Front 27

Autotrophs differ from heterotrophs in that autotrophs:

Back 27

can synthesize all of the organic molecules they need.

Front 28

The appendix in humans is homologous to the _______ in rats.

Back 28

cecum

Front 29

To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of digestion does this take place?

Back 29

absorption

Front 30

Human fat reserves enable a person of average body weight to survive without food for approximately how long?

Back 30

5–10 weeks

Front 31

Which of these statements is TRUE of water during digestion?

Back 31

It is absorbed from the large intestine.

Front 32

Based on the types of diet they consume, spiders and owls are considered:

Back 32

carnivores.

Front 33

The water-soluble vitamins include all of the following EXCEPT:

Back 33

vitamin K.

Front 34

Which of the following is NOT a major component of the digestive system?

Back 34

thyroid

Front 35

In the mammalian digestive system, vitamin-synthesizing symbiotic bacteria live primarily in the:

Back 35

colon.

Front 36

Snake venom is a mixture of toxic proteins. If you “milked” a snake’s venom into a glass and drank it, would it definitely harm you? Why or why not?

Back 36

It wouldn't necessarily harm you because the proteins in snake venom are broken down by the stomach acids and enzymes of the digestive system.

Front 37

Individuals who are lactose-intolerant are unable to drink milk because:

Back 37

they lack sufficient quantities of lactase, the enzyme that digests lactose

Front 38

If a hummingbird weighing 5 grams has a basal metabolic rate of 14 cal per hour per gram, how many calories must it consume DAILY just to fuel its resting metabolism?

Back 38

1,680 calories

Front 39

The nutrients needed in the human diet are lipids, vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and:

Back 39

minerals and water.

Front 40

Which of the following is NOT true about human body weight?

Back 40

One of every ten Americans is obese

Front 41

What causes indigestion?

Back 41

Indigestion occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t completely prevent the acidic contents of the stomach from moving back up the esophagus.

Front 42

A shrew requires about 4.2 kcal per day to simply exist. If you add in activity, the shrew needs about twice that amount.

Which of the following would provide the shrew the highest number of kcal for the least amount of food in grams?

Back 42

fat

Front 43

Enzymes all have an optimum range of pH values under which they act. Which of the following enzymes has its maximum activity at the lowest pH?

Back 43

pepsin

Front 44

Where in the human digestive system are the substances that help digest fat produced?

Back 44

liver

Front 45

A mouse is about 100,000 times less massive than an elephant. However, does this necessarily mean that its basal metabolic rate per gram is lower? Which of the following statements about size and basal metabolic rate would you predict?

Back 45

The basal metabolic rate per gram of tissue increases as animals get smaller.

Front 46

What dietary substances serve as "helpers" for enzymes used all over the body?

Back 46

vitamins

Front 47

Which of the following statements about cellulose is FALSE?

Back 47

Most animals can extract additional energy from cellulose by consuming their feces, passing it through their digestive system a second time.

Front 48

Dietary fiber is composed of:

Back 48

carbohydrates.

Front 49

Which digestive enzymes are secreted in the mouth?

Back 49

alpha-amylase

Front 50

Proteins are an essential component of a healthy diet for humans (and other animals). Their most common purpose is to serve as:

Back 50

raw material for growth.

Front 51

If you were to sprint 100 meters a few hours after eating, which molecules would be your body's chief source of energy?

Back 51

muscle glycogen

Front 52

Vitamins are:

Back 52

organic molecules that must be obtained from food or supplements that an organism eats.

Front 53

Dietary proteins:

Back 53

a) are considered "incomplete" if they do not contain all eight essential amino acids.

c) are the primary source of nitrogen used in the production of proteins in the body

Front 54

Minerals are:

Back 54

inorganic molecules that must be obtained from food or supplements that an organism eats.

Front 55

Which of the following statements about cellulose is FALSE?

Back 55

a) Although it is not digestible, cellulose is still important to humans' diets.
b) Cellulose and glycogen are made from similar molecules.
c) Cellulose has a slightly different three-dimensional structure from starch.
d) The cellulose we eat passes right through our digestive system unused.

All of the above statements about cellulose are TRUE.

Front 56

The thirteen vitamins essential to humans fall into two groups based on:

Back 56

whether they can be synthesized from other dietary components or must be consumed directly.

Front 57

According to the graph above, which of the following spice combinations have the LEAST antimicrobial effects?

Back 57

ginger root and black pepper

Front 58

Which of the following statements about water usage in animals is true?

Back 58

Some desert mammals have evolved tremendous water efficiency and do not need to drink any water. Rather, they get all the water they need from their food and from metabolic processes.

Front 59

Where in the human digestive system are the substances that help digest fat produced?

Back 59

liver

Front 60

There are three main categories of weight-loss interventions. These are:

Back 60

surgery, behavior modification, and drugs.

Front 61

The fat-soluble vitamins include all of the following EXCEPT:

Back 61

vitamin B.

Front 62

The esophagus:

Back 62

connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Front 63

For humans, basal metabolic rate (BMR) is approximately:

Back 63

1 calorie per hour per gram of body weight.

Front 64

From a kilocalorie standpoint, a diet composed of 40 grams of fat is equivalent to about:

Back 64

40 grams of carbohydrates plus 40 grams of protein.

Front 65

Human carbohydrate reserves are depleted after how long without food?

Back 65

1 day