Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
6 Kingdoms
|
archeobacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
|
|
Archeobacteria
|
unicellular and prokaryotic
|
|
eubacteria
|
both heterotrophic and autotrophic; main role is decomposition; unicellular/prokaryotic
|
|
Protista
|
unicellular but eukyrotic; there are three different types of protista(protozoans, slime molds, algae)
|
|
protozoans
|
some autotrophic, heterotrophic, and both. 5 different phyla based on its method of mobility
|
|
methods of mobility for protozoans
|
pseudopods, flagella, cillia or combinations.
|
|
slime molds
|
multicellular or multinucleate
|
|
algae
|
disputed as to which kingodm it should be in. 6 different divisions based on color
|
|
kingdom Fungi
|
mostly multicellular with a couple multinucleate; heterotrophic, all cells are haploid; 4 divisions based on how it decomposes.
|
|
important fungi symbiosis
|
1) fungi and blue green algae form lichen
2) fungi and mycorrhizae allow plants to gain extra nitrogen |
|
kingdom plantae
|
multicellular; autotrophic; cuticle; stomata; has 10 divisions
|
|
cuticle
|
waxy coating to help moniter water intake
|
|
stomata
|
little holes on the bottom of leaves that intake carbon dioxside and exhale oxygen
|
|
10 divisions of plantae
|
1)bryophytes, 2)whisk ferns, 3) club mosses, 4) horsetails, 5) ferns -sori, 6) cycads, 7) gingkos, 8) gnetophyta, 9) conifers, 10) anthophyta~ flowering plants
|
|
Bryophytes
|
moss, liverwarts, hornworts
only non-vascular division |
|
Xylem
|
transports water/minerals from roots to leaves
|
|
phoelom
|
transports sugar from leaves to anywhere that needs it
|
|
seedless vascular plants
|
whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, ferns
|
|
non protective seed producting plants
|
cycads, gingkos, gnetophyta, conifers
|
|
flowering plants
|
only plants that produce seeds and then protect them
|
|
kingdom animalia
|
multicellular, mobile, heterotrophic,
95-97% are invertabrite 30-35 different phyla |
|
types of bodily symmetry
|
asymmetical~ no pattern
radial symmetric ~ center point and the rest if organized around that bilateral symmetry~ externally symmetrical but often isn't internally (can only be split in one direction) |
|
allopatric speciation
|
geographically seperate speciation
|
|
sympatric speciation
|
groups with geographical access to each other do seciation
|
|
prezygotic
|
premating, gamets are never passed, this is normal
|
|
postzygotic
|
postmating, happens after the gamets are passed, either the sperm will be unable to fertilize the egg or it will produce a steril hybrid or there will be a miscarige or still birth
|
|
Anthropoids
|
40mya larger mammals that were active during the day
|
|
New world monkey
|
small bodies, arboreal, long grabing tails, and 'flat' noses
|
|
arboreal
|
tree dweller
|
|
old world monkey
|
larger, downward facing noses, no tails, spread less time in trees
|
|
hominins
|
could have evolved from a hominoid but we can't be forsure, 4.4mya, some where between ape and man
|
|
huminoid
|
30mya new type of anthropoid
|
|
australopithecus
|
very diverse, fully uprite and bipedal, brain size is larger, 4 different kinds
|
|
4 kinds of Australopithecus
|
A. Africanos
A. Afarensis A. Robustus A. Bosei |
|
Africanos
|
small(3 feet tall); light bones; 440 cc cranial vault; very round skull; small teeth; spine and skull are perpendicular
|
|
Afarensis
|
'lucy' might end up being the same as africanos
|
|
robustus
|
bigger; heavier bones; wider face; large moeller teeth; 500 cc cranial vault; bumby part on back of skull possibly where the jaw muscles attached
|
|
Bosie
|
very similar to robustus might be part of the same class
|
|
2-1.5mya
|
new genus 'homo' which doesn't have to have evolved from austalopithecus
|
|
homo habilis
|
3-3.5 feet tall; 680-775 cc cranial vault; super long arms; could have started makeing and using tools
|
|
1.6mya-300,000ya
|
homo erectus
|
|
homo erectus
|
skeleton is super similar to present day humans; thinker skulls; very low/large eye brow ridges; 1000cc cranial vault; active hunters; over 4 feet tall
|
|
400,000-200,000ya
|
homo sapiens
|
|
homo sapiens
|
led to the end of all other austalopithecus species; 1300 cc cranial vault
|
|
totipotent cells
|
generic cells that do not have a specific perpose yet
|
|
ectoderm
|
outer covering (skin)
|
|
Mesoderm
|
connective tissue (bones, cartilage, muscle, blood)
|
|
Endoderm
|
coverings and linings of organs
|
|
mesoglea
|
instead of mesoderm and is the noncellular filling between ectoderm and endoderm
|
|
Body cavity
|
a fluid filled space, usually between ectoderm and endoderm
|
|
gastrovascular cavity
|
found in jelly fish; is not a real cavity
|
|
platyhelminthes organisms...
|
...don't have body cavities; have acoelomate
|
|
acoelomate
|
cavity filled with tissue call parenchyma
|
|
coelomate
|
have cavities which happen in the mesoderm
|
|
protostome
|
first cavity that forms in the embryotic stage in the mouth
|
|
deuterostome
|
first embryotic cavity will be the adult anus the second cavity will be the mouth
|
|
choanocytes
|
flagellated cells that move through water (unique to sponges)
|
|
Phylum Cnidaria
|
sting; only have two germ levels; two forms
|
|
two forms of cnidaria
|
polyp- sac
medusae - polyp filled over |
|
Phylum platyhelminthes
|
2 way digestive track; starting to develope organs; phenomenal regeneration;
three tissue classes; biginning of eye ports and nervous system |
|
3 classes of platyhelminthes
|
free living forms, flukes, tapeworms
|
|
Phylum nemertinea
|
first pseudoceoles
ring worm |
|
Phylum nematoda
|
parasitic and free living; roundworms; also called pseudocoelomate
|
|
phylum mollusca
|
soft and squishy; big, intelligent; no regeneration; gills for breathing; radula; snails, slugs, squid, clams
|
|
Phylum Annelida
|
worms, leeches, polikeet; externally segmented and have multiple hearts (usually 5)
|
|
"phylum" anthropoda
|
no longer a taxonomic group; metaporphosis and molting extend life; exoskeletons made of chertin which anchor the muscles
|
|
onychophorans
|
link between annelida and arthropoda; live in tropical forests and have bright blue appendages
|
|
Phylum echinodermata
|
bilateral in larval stage but become radial in adult stage; can regenerate; don't have blood in stead circulate water
|
|
"phylum" choradata
|
no longer a taxinomical group; deuterostomes; 4 key features; now 3 phyla
|
|
4 key features of choradata
|
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail
|
|
post-anal tail in humans
|
reabsorbed and turned into legs and arms during the embryotic stage
|
|
pharyngeal gill slits in humans
|
changed into neck and lungs during embryotic stage
|
|
dorsal, hollow nerve cord in humans
|
replaced with brain and nerve cord
|
|
notochord
|
primitvie stages of a spinal cord, humans have a fully developed spinal cord
|
|
three phyla of chordata
|
urochordata; cephalochordata, vertebrata
|
|
phylum urochordata
|
sea squirts or tunicates
|
|
phylum cephalochoradata
|
odd group with no commonly known examples
|
|
phylum vertebrata
|
humans; horses; fish; whales; frogs; snakes; lots of birds; sharks; etc; homologous
|
|
six classes of vertebrata
|
cartilaginous fish; true bony fish; amphilbia; reptilia; aves; mammalia
|
|
class reptilia
|
egg layers; can live terrestrially; ectothermic; stilted
|
|
ectothermic
|
temperature is regulated by the external environment
|
|
stilted
|
change the bodies position in relation to the ground through out the day; moring is close to the ground they slowly move away until midday and then they start to get closer to the ground again
|
|
amniotic eggs
|
soft, pliable, porous membranes support the embryo. water within the egg helps regulate temperature and keeps the parts from sticking together
|
|
class aves
|
endothermic; can fly; amniotic eggs
|
|
endothermic
|
body heat regulated internally
|
|
class mammalia
|
hair or fur; homeothermic; mammary glands; usually placental.
|
|
homeothermic
|
can regulate body temperature reguardless of external environment
|
|
monotreens
|
mammals that lay eggs; all found in australia; ex platypus
|
|
marsupials
|
have underdeveloped young that work their way from the womb to a protective pouch; natural to austalia; usually have one in pouch, one waiting to get into the pouch, and 1-2 in development
|
|
advantages to marsupials
|
don't invest as much in the young so can plan their births better; can escape predators easier
|
|
placental
|
heldwithin body for a long time; develope in a watery sac, usually far developedand independent when born (except primates who's young need to be cared for/protected)
|
|
advantage to placental
|
better developed young
|
|
disadvantage to placental
|
slower birth rate; cumbersome(bad for everyday movement and getting away from predators)
|
|
what makes a primate a primate?
|
opposable thumbs; most developed brain; 5 digits per limb; nail placement at end of digits; well developed ball/socket joints; bipedal motion; decreased dependency on smell; increased care for young; good visual acuity
|
|
ball/socket joints
|
allow for lots of motion
ex: radius can rotate over ulna |
|
bipedal motion
|
upright posture, leads to poor knee and ankle joints
|
|
bipedal hierarchy
|
humans(all time bipedal), chimps (most time bipedal), gorillas (equal time bipedal and knuckle walking)
|
|
visual acuity
|
field of vision, takes into acount steroscopic vision
|
|
steroscopic vision
|
depth perseption
|
|
class porifera
|
sponges; multicellular but with out tissue; choanocytes; not mobile as adults; asexual and sexual reproduction; spicules and spongin fiber
|
|
spicules and spongin fiber
|
skeltal structure of porifera
|
|
three germ or tissue layers
|
ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm
|
|
radula
|
small teeth that scrap/cut the food
|
|
metamorphosis
|
complex process of development from larva (very long) to adult (very short)
|
|
why is vertabrata homologous?
|
feathers, scales and hair all come from the same gene
|
|
pseudocoelomate
|
false cavities that are not formed during embryonic stage
|