Ls-012-1 Exam 1

Front 1

Characteristics of living things

Back 1

highly organized; homeostasis; use energy; adapt to change; respond to stimuli; reproduce; develope

Front 2

first law of thermodynamics and how it effects living things

Back 2

Energy is neither created nor distroyed; cells cannot create their own energy it much come from the creating or destroying of bonds

Front 3

second law of thermodynamics and how it effects living things

Back 3

everything moves towards chaos. living things work (use energy) to keep this from happening as long as possible

Front 4

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Back 4

Positively charged subatomic particles, neutral subatomic particles, negetively charged subatomic particles with no real mass

Front 5

Atomic number

Back 5

the number of protons the atom has

Front 6

Atomic weight

Back 6

basicly the combination protons and neutrons

Front 7

isotopes

Back 7

atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons

Front 8

oxidation reaction

Back 8

a reaction where electrons are lost

Front 9

reduction reaction

Back 9

a reaction where electrons are gained

Front 10

Six most important elements

Back 10

oxygen; carbon; hydrogen; sulfer; phosphorus; nitrogen

Front 11

why bonds form

Back 11

when an atom's outermost energy level is not full it will give up or add electrons to make it full, this process is bonding

Front 12

ionic bonds

Back 12

when an electron is given up by one atom and gained by another

Front 13

covalent

Back 13

when the electron is shared between two atoms

Front 14

polar covalent

Back 14

when the electron is shared but spends more time with one atom than the other

Front 15

condensation reactions

Back 15

water is given off during the reaction

Front 16

hydrolysis reaction

Back 16

water is added during the reaction

Front 17

monosaccharide

Back 17

the usable form of sugar; is a 6 carbon ring

Front 18

disaccharide

Back 18

when two monosaccharide molecules bond together; this is the transport form of sugar

Front 19

polysaccharide

Back 19

more than two monosaccharide molecules bond together; this is the storage form of sugar

Front 20

ATP

Back 20

the usable form of energy; Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 21

Amino Acid

Back 21

a Carboxyl group bonded to NH2

Front 22

carboxyl group

Back 22

O=C-O-H
Oxygen double bonded to Carbon which is also bonded to another oxygen which is also bonded to a hydrogen

Front 23

fatty acid chain

Back 23

a long chain of Carbon atoms bonded together

Front 24

Triglyceride

Back 24

a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

Front 25

glycerol molecule

Back 25

O-H
oxygen bonded to hydrogen

Front 26

nucleotide

Back 26

a five carbon ring bonded to a phosphorus atom bonded to a nitrogenous base

Front 27

Lipids

Back 27

the more double and triple bonds the less saturated the fat is, is very structural and can be used as an energy source if needed

Front 28

proteins

Back 28

very structural, not good for energy; have four layers of structure; form peptide bonds

Front 29

four layers of protein structure

Back 29

1st or primary- actual sequence
2nd or secondary- one simple fold
3rd or tertiary- secondary folds
4th or quaternary- serveral strands of Amino Acids bonded together

Front 30

Kinds of Carbs, lipids, proteinds

Back 30

fiber (non digestible), chitin (non digestible), fat, wax, oil, keratin (hair), hemoglobin(red blood cells)

Front 31

the importance of nucleic acid

Back 31

DNA is the instruction book to a person and RNA is how protein is made

Front 32

water

Back 32

water is polar covalent; adhesive (sticks to things) and cohesive (sticks to itself)
it is resistant to changes in temperature

Front 33

water as a solvent

Back 33

it is a good solvent because it is a polar covalent bond

Front 34

major differences between plant and animal cells

Back 34

animal cells have centroile, plant cells have a well wall and vacuells

Front 35

structure of the plasma membrane

Back 35

a semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer with integral proteins inbetween the phospholipids which allows for changes in pore sizes

Front 36

function of the plasma membrane

Back 36

to regulate the flow of everything into the cell and thus protect it

Front 37

transport across the plasma membrane

Back 37

if a particle is small, correctly charged and/or dissolvable in lipid it can simply slip through the pores, if not and the cell needs it the integral protein will bond to it and carry it across

Front 38

membrane potential

Back 38

the plasma membrane has the potential to change its electrical charge. when the cell has resting potential the charge is positively charged ont he outside and when the cell has action potential it is negative, this sends an elecrical message through the cell into its neighbor

Front 39

Chromatin

Back 39

a tangled mass of chromosomes

Front 40

chromosome

Back 40

a single strand of DNA

Front 41

number of chromosome pairs

Back 41

23 in the human body

Front 42

types of chromosome

Back 42

somatic cells have a chromosome from both mom and dad; gametic cells have only one chromosome

Front 43

Nucleus

Back 43

Membrane compartment; encloses the DNA

Front 44

Mitochaondria

Back 44

Continuous outer membrane enclosing inner membrane that has twists; transform energy from food, "power poant" of the cell, need food and oxygen

Front 45

Lysosome

Back 45

Tiny acid vat; Recycle raw materials of the cell

Front 46

Cytoskeleton

Back 46

3 sorts of protein fibers; internal scaffolding of the cell, functions in cell movement, cell structure, and transport of materials within the cell

Front 47

Plasma Membrane

Back 47

outer lining of cell; keeps the cell contained and chemically active

Front 48

Cytoplasm

Back 48

region between plasma membrane and nucleus

Front 49

Nuclear envelope

Back 49

double membrane; line the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

Front 50

Ribosomes

Back 50

small; site of protein synthesis, carry out mRNA instructions

Front 51

Rough ER

Back 51

folded-up continuation of the nuclear envelopre, studed with ribosomes; aids in processing of proteins in eukaryotic cells

Front 52

Nucleolus

Back 52

large structure inside nucleus; production of RNA

Front 53

Transport vesicles

Back 53

membrane-lined spheres; move within endomembrane system carrying within it proteins or other molecules

Front 54

golgi complex

Back 54

network of membranes; process and distribute proteins that come to it from the rough ER, sort and ship proteins

Front 55

Smooth ER

Back 55

Further from nucleus, no ribosomes, network of membranes; not site of protein synthesis, synthesis of various lipids, potentially harmful substances are detoxified

Front 56

central vacuole(plants)

Back 56

large, mostly water; store nutrients, retention and degradation of water

Front 57

cell wall (plant)

Back 57

surround plasma membrane; provide structural strength, limit absorption of water, protect plant from outside influences, not very flexible, metablic activity

Front 58

Choloroplast (plant)

Back 58

place wehre photosynthesis occurs

Front 59

Chromatid

Back 59

DNA connected to its replica

Front 60

Interface

Back 60

cell is at rest but the organelles grow (G1), the chromosomes replicate (S), the centriole move parts to make daughter cells

Front 61

Prophase

Back 61

start to see chromosomes condenseing

Front 62

Metaphase

Back 62

chromatids aline themselves with the spindle fibers

Front 63

Anaphase

Back 63

start to see strand of DNA separate

Front 64

Telophase

Back 64

half the chromosomes cluster to each end of the nucleus

Front 65

Cytokenesis

Back 65

actual cell reproduction, organelles nicely divide and the nucleus membrane starts to form

Front 66

Meiosis

Back 66

replicate chromosomes then do reduction division once

Front 67

Transcription

Back 67

DNA turning into RNA

Front 68

Translation

Back 68

RNA turning into protein