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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anterior structures of large intestine |
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what is the most anterior structure of the large intestine? |
transverse colon |
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what are the posterior structures of the large intestine? |
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what is the purpose for lower GI studies? |
radiographic exam of the lower GI system evaluation the form and function as well as detect any abnormalities |
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appendicitis- |
inflammation of the appendix |
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colitis- |
inflammation of the inner lining of the colon |
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diverticulum |
pouch created by herniation of the mucous membrane through the muscular coat |
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diverticulitis- |
inflammation of the diverticula in the alimentary canal |
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diverticulosis- |
diverticula in the colon without inflammation or symptoms |
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Hirschsprung's disease |
absence of parasympathetic ganglia, usually in the distal colon, resulting in the absence of paristalis |
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Illeus- |
failure of bowel peristalsis (bowel obstruction) |
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intussusception- |
prolapse of a portion of the bowel into the lumen of an adjacent part- the intestine telescopes on itself |
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malabsorption syndrome and sprue- |
disorder in which subnormal absorption of dietary constituents occurs |
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polyp- |
growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane (outtie) |
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Crohn's- |
an inflammatory bowel disease of the GI tract |
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volvulus- |
twisting of a bowel loop on itself |
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carcinoma- |
malignant new growth composed of epithelial cells |
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benign masses- |
non cancerous growths |
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two pathologies for which theraputic BE studies are used? |
intussusception volvulus |
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intussusception and volvulus are which pathologies? |
bowel obstructions |
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what types of contrasts are used for single contrast BE study? what is the contrast used for? |
BASO4 (atomic # 56) or water-soluble (gastrografin) -used to fill the lumen |
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what contrast is used for double contrast BE? what is each type of contrast used for? |
- thicker barium (HD-85) - coats the lumen -Air - distends the lumen |
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in what fashion (direction) are both single and double contrast BE's performed? |
retrograde fashion |
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why is a higher kvp used for Barium than iodinated water soluble |
barium has a higher atomic number and is harder to penetrate |
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contraindications for barium in the intestinal tract: |
- pre op for suspected perforation - recent bowel biopsy - lg. intestine obstruction- (for upper GI tract only) |
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bowel prep for BEs |
- low residue diet - NPO after midnight - laxatives - cleansing enemas -prescribed cleansing agent |
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contraindications to bowel prep- BE |
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why prep patient? |
1. clean walls of intestine for barium 2. remove feces that could mimic polyps or tumors |
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patient gowning for BE |
everything off except for socks |
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what is the scout for BE? |
KUB |
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how many FPS for BE? |
1 FPS |
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kvp will vary with contrast..why? |
do to atomic number |
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kvp: barium, barium and air, water soluble |
110, 90, 80-85 |
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name of mechanism used to administer air into a patients rectum for BEs. |
sphygomanometer |
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name of mechanism used to inflate retention balloon during BEs.. |
cufflator |
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how many puffs of the cufflator? |
1 |
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how many CCs of contrast for single BE? how many CCs for a double BE? |
2500; 500-1000 |
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what temp water for contrast mixture for BE? what is the advantage to using cold water? at what temp? |
85-90*; it has an anesthesia effect; 41* |
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how high should you hang the contrast bag? |
18-24" |
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what type of contrast study are all colostomy BEs? |
single |
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what position is used for tip insertion? |
sims position |
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what are the typical regions spotted by a rad during BEs? |
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Routine overhead images for single contrast BE |
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Optional images for single contrast BE |
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what projections/positions render similar images to AP oblique- RPO... LPO? |
PA oblique- LAO; RAO |
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where is the CR centered for AP projection during single BE? |
iliac crest |
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what structures shown on an AP oblique-RPO? |
Left colic flexure and descending colon |
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how many degrees is a pt. obliqued for anterior and posterior oblique overheads for single contrast BEs? |
35-45* |
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where is the CR centered for all obliqued overhead images for single contrast BE? |
2" lateral to midline over elevated side @ height of crest |
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which position opens left colic flexure? right colic flexure? |
recumbent RPO/LAO; recumbent LPO/RAO |
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eval criteria for oblique overheads for BEs? |
flexure of interest free of superimposition |
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AP oblique projection/recumbent LPO position shows what structures? |
What position/projection shows the Rt. colic flexure, ascending colon, and sigmoid? |
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what direction is the scotty dog looking in when the pt. is in the recumbent LPO position? |
left |
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what is position is the pt in for the AP projection? |
supine |
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what position is the patient in for AP oblique projection? |
RPO or LPO |
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position for Lt. lateral projection |
Lt, lateral recumbent position |
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where is the CR located for Lt, lateral projection? |
T @ height of ASIS, down MCP |
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what structures are shown on the lt. lateral projection. |
lateral rectum and distal sigmoid |
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how can you tell no rotation on a lateral? |
superimposed hips and femora |
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what is the respiration for lt lateral projection? |
suspend |
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what respiration for AP/PA oblique projections? |
expiration |
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what respiration for AP projection? |
expiration |
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position for PA projection |
prone |
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CR location for PA projection |
iliac crest, down MSP |
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what is the best position/projection to rid the sigmoid of superimposition? |
PA axial |
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what projection is an alternative to PA axial? |
AP axial |
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what corrections should be made to a PA/AP axial when the sigmoid is superimposed by the rectum on a PA axial? |
increase tube angle |
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what position is used for PA or AP axial? |
prone for PA axial, supine for AP axial |
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where is IR centered for PA axial? |
@ the height of crests |
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where is the CR centered for PA axial BE overhead images? (tube angle, enter and exit point) |
30-40* caudal, down the MSP, entering the iliac crest and exiting ASIS. |
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respiration for PA and AP axial |
suspend respiration |
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what body habituses get more tube angle for axial images? |
hypo and asthenic |
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what does the PA and AP axial best demonstrate? |
the rectosigmoid area of the colon |
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what position can the patient be put in to further reduce superimposition of the rectosigmoid area while performing the PA axial projection? |
recumbent RAO |
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what position for AP axial? |
supine |
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where is the IR centered for AP axial projection? |
2" above crests |
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tube angle and centering point for AP axial projection (also enter and exit point) |
30-40* cephalic, down MSP, entering 2" below ASIS, exiting iliac crests |
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position for PA oblique projections |
RAO and LAO |
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where is the IR centered for all oblique overhead images for BE? |
at the height of iliac crests |
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centering point for PA obliques projection |
2" lateral to midline over elevated side @ height of crests |
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what structures are shown when patient is in the RAO position? |
right colic flexure, ascending colon, and sigmoid |
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what position/projection for post evac.? |
supine/AP |
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what is demonstrated in an AP post evacuation film? |
small polyps and defects |
