Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is amnesiac syndrome? |
-memory loss due to acquired brain damage
1) anterograde amnesia: impairment in ability to remember new information learned after 2) retrograde amnesia: problems remembering events prior |
|
|
what are the three different types of LTM systems? |
1) episodic memory 2) semantic memory 3) procedural memory |
|
|
what is episodic memory? |
-storage and retrieval of specific events -linked to specific place and time -associated with self knowing |
|
|
what is semantic memory? |
-general knowledge of the world -not linked to a specific place and time -associated with knowing awareness |
|
|
what evidence is there from amesia studies for these two memories? |
-bilateral hippocampal damage at an early age leads to impaired EM and normal SM -bilateral lesions to temporal lobes result in poor SM but reasonable EM -review of retrograde amnesia suggest a double dissociation between episodic and semantic impairments |
|
|
what evidence is there from neuroimaging studies on healthy patients for these two memories? |
-pre frontal cortex was more active in encoding and retrieval for episodic rather than semantic memories -hippocampus was involved in episodic encoding but not semantic retrieval -lateral temporal is involved in semantic retrieval but not episodic encoding |
|
|
what is procedural memory? |
-remembering how to do things but without conscious awareness of the knowledge underlying performance |
|
|
what is the sugar factory task, Berry and Broadbent? |
-ppts had to keep sugar production within a certain range by manipulating work force size on a month to month basis -unknown to ppts, sugar output was related to workforce and previous output by a rule -after 60 trials, ppts became good at keeping output within range, couldnt state rule -demonstrates no semantic recall |
|
|
what is the relationship between amnesia and procedural memory? |
-despite amnesiacs having problems in EM and SM, they can learn new procedural tasks |
|
|
how is our knowledge in our memory organised? |
-Collins and Quillian believe our knowledge of the world exists in organised, heirarchical networks in semantic memory -we have interconnecting networks that form our memory |
|
|
what are schemas? |
-these are specific knowledge structures in LTM which guide us in interpreting, acting and remembering the world -can be for objects or actions/events |
|
|
what is Bartletts, 1932, experiment on schemas? |
-presented british ppts with stories from North American Indian cultures -recall of details were distorted or rationalised to fit cultural expectations |
|
|
what is Bransford and Johnsons, 1972, experiment on schemas? |
-presented a piece of text to ppts -when ppts were given title washing clothes, they recalled more information and found text more comprehensionable than those given no title, when given extra perspective, more information is recalled -schema from LTM is activated by title, this influences comprehension so more recolection |
|
|
what was Brewer and Treynes, 1981, memory experiment? |
-ppts asked to wait in a room arranged like a students office -after 35s, ppts took to other room and asked to recall objects that were in first room -all ppts recalled cahir, desk and walls (schemas) -some recalled skull (schema irrelevant object) -some recalled objects not present (schema relevant objects) -ppts influenced by office schema |
|
|
what 6 influences are schemas thought to have? |
1)selection: directs attention and guides selection of information relevant to active schema 2)storage: schema provides framework 3)abstraction: specific details lost, general representation forms 4)normalisation: memories distorted to fit with normal expectations 5)integration: new info combined with prior info 6)retrieval |
|
|
what are the advantages of schema research? |
-highly plausible -plenty of experimental evidence -evidence of double dissociation between higher and lower knowledge impairments in brain damaged patients |
|
|
what are the disadvantages of schema research? |
-schemas can be proposed with any knowledge contents to account for any experimental data, dont have direct independent evidence -no precise and detailed account of how schemas are acquired in first place -peoples memory is more unpredictable and flexible than the use of schemas would suggest |
