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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter chemical released at synapses of nerve cell
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Afferent Nerves
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carry messages toward the brain & spinal cord (sensory nerves)
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Arachnoid Membrane
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middle layer of the meninges that surround the brain & spinal cord
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Astrocyte
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a type of glial cell that transports water & salt from capillaries
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Autonomic Nervous System
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nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, & internal organs
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Axon
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microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
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Blood-Brain Barrier
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blood vessels that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue & keep other substances out
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Brainstem
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lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum w/ the spinal cord
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Cauda Equina
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collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
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Cell Body
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part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
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CNS - Central Nervous System
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brain & spinal cord
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Cerebellum
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posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements & maintains balance
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Cerebral Cortex
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outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
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CSF - Cerebrospinal Fluid
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fluid that circulates throughout the brain & spinal cord
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Cerebrum
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largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, & memory
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Cranial Nerves
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12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to & from the brain
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Dendrite
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microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
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Dura Mater
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thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding & protecting the brain & spinal cord
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Efferent Nerves
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carry messages away from the brain & spinal cord; motor nerves
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Ependymal Cell
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a glial cell that lines membranes w/in the brain & spinal cord & helps form CSF
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Ganglion (plural: ganglia)
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collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
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Glial Cell (Neuroglial Cell)
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cell in the nervous system that is supportive & connective in function
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Gyrus (plural: gyri)
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sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum; convolution
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Hypothalamus
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portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temp, & secretions from the pituitary gland
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Medulla Oblongata
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part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerves fibers cross over here
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Meninges
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3 protective membranes that surround the brain & spinal cord
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Microglial Cell
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phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the CNS
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Motor Nerves
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carry messages away from the brain & spinal cord to muscles & organs; efferent nerves
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Myelin Sheath
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white fatty tissue that surrounds, & insulates the axon of a nerve cell; also speeds impulse conduction along axon
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Nerve
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macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers (axon & dendrites) that carry electrical impules
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Neuron
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nerve cell that carries impules throughout the body
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical messenger; stimulates or inhibits another cell
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Oligodendroglial Cell
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glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
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Parasympathetic Nerves
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involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, & muscles of the gastrointestinal tract
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Parenchyma
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essential, distinguishing tissue of the nervous system; includes the brain & spinal cord
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PNS - Peripheral Nervous System
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nerves outside the brain & spinal cord; cranial, spinal, & autonomic nerves
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Pia Mater
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thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
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Plexus (plural: plexuses)
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large, interlacing network of nerves
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Pons
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part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum & between the medulla & the rest of the midbrain; bridge connecting various parts of the brain
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Receptor
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organ that receives a nervous stimulation & passes it on to nerves w/in the body examples; skin, ears, eyes, & taste buds
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Sciatic Nerve
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nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, & foot
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Sensory Nerves
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carry messages to the brain & spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerves
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Spinal Nerves
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31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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Stimulus (plural: sulci)
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agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response
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Stroma
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connective & supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain
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Sulcus (plural: sulci)
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depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortx; fissure
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Sympathetic Nerves
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autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
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Synapse
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space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another cell
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Thalamus
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main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord & the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum
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Vagus Nerve
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10th cranial nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
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Ventricles of the Brain
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canals in the brain that contain CSF
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cerebell/o
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cerebellum
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cerebr/o
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cerebrum
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dur/o
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dura mater
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encephal/o
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brain
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gli/o
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glial cells
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lept/o
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thin, slender
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mening/o
meningi/o |
membranes, meninges
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my/o
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muscle
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myel/o
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spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts)
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neur/o
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nerve
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pont/o
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pons
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radicul/o
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nerve root (of spinal nerves)
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thalam/o
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thalamus
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thec/o
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sheath (refers to the meninges)
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vag/o
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vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
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alges/o
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excessive
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-algesia
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sensitivity to pain
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-algia
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pain
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caus/o
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burning
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comat/o
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deep sleep (coma)
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esthesi/o
-esthesia |
feeling, nervous
sensation |
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kines/o
kinesi/o |
movement
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-kinesia
-kinesis -kinetic |
movement
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-lepsy
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seizure
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lex/o
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word, pharse
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-paresis
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weakness
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-phasia
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speech
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-plegia
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paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
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-praxia
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action
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-sthenia
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strength
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syncop/o
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to cut off, cut short
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tax/o
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order, coordination
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Hydrocephalus
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abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain
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Spina Bifida
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congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)
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AD - Alzheimer Disease
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brain disorder marked by gradual & progressive mental deterioration (dementia) w/ personality changes & impairment of daily functioning
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ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord & brainstem
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Epilepsy
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chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
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Huntington Disease
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hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements & mental deterioration
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MS - Multiple Sclerosis
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destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS & its replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue
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MG - Myasthenia Gravis
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autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
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Palsy
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paralysis
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Parkinson Disease
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degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life & leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, & slowness of movement
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Tourette Syndrome
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involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; & inappropriate words
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Herpes Zoster (shingles)
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viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
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Meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalopathy
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brain disease & dementia occurring w/ AIDS
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Brain Tumor
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abnormal growth of brain tissue & meninges
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Cerebral Concussion
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temporary brain dysfunction after injury, usually clearing w/in 24 hours
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Cerebral Contusion
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bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours
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CVA - cerebrovascular accident
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disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
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CSF Analysis
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samples of CSF are examined
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Cerebral Angiography
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x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel system in the brain after injection of contrast material
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CT - Computed Tomography of the Brain
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x-ray technique that generates computerized cross-sectional images of the brain & spinal cord
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Myelography
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x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space
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MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain
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magnetic & radio waves create an image of the brain in all 3 planes
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PET - Positron Emission Tomography Scan
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computerized radiologic technique using radioactive glucose to image the metabolic activity of cells
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Doppler/Ultrasound Studies
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sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid & intracranial arteries
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EEG - Electroencephalography
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recording of the electrical activity of the brain
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LP - Lumbar Puncture
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CSF is withdrawn from between 2 lumbar vertebrae
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Stereotactic Radiosurgery
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use of a specialized instrument to locate & treat targets in the brain
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