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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aorta
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largest artery in the body
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arteriole
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small artery
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artery
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largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
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atrioventricular node (AV node)
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Specialized tissue at base of wall between the 2 upper heart chambers. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) thru the AV node to the Bundle of His.
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atrium (atria)
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Upper chamber of the heart
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capillary
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Smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the blood thru the thin capillary walls. Thin because they are one cell thick
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carbon dioxide (CO2)
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A gas released by body cells/transported via veins to the heart and then to the lungs to be expelled.
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deoxygenated blood
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blood that is oxygen poor because the body tissue has taken it up
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diasole
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relaxation phase of the heartbeat.
Remember this by di=die=when you die you are the most relaxed you will ever get! ;) |
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endocardium
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is the inner lining of the heart
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endothelium
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innermost lining of the blood vessels
smooth stacked upon itself like a garden hose lining |
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mitral valve
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valve found between the left atrium and the left ventricle also known as the bicuspid valve- 2 leaflets
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murmur
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abnormal heart sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves. Makes a whoosh sound.
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myocardium
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muscle layer of the heart. The layer that does all the work.
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angiogram
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radiographic image of blood vessel using contrast (because it is soft tissue)
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angioplasty
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surgical reconstruction of blood vessels
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aort/0
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aorta
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aortic stenosis
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narrowing of aortic valve
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arter/o
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artery
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arteriosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries
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arterial anastomosis
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point of joining together of arteries
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arteriography
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radiographic imaging of arteries using a contrast material
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intima
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innermost lining
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ather/o
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yellowish plaque; fatty substance
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atheroma
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collections of plaque that protrude into the lumen of an artery, weakening the muscle lining = adventicia
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adventicia
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muscle lining
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atherectomy
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surgical removal of an atheroma
same as endarterectomy |
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atri/o
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atrium; upper heart chamber
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atrial
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pertaining to the atrium or near the atrium
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atrioventricular
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between the atria/ventricles
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brachi/o
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arm
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cardi/o
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heart
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cardiomegaly
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enlargement of the heart
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bradycardia
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slower than 60 bpm
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tachycardia
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faster than 100 bpm
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cholesterol/o
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cholesterol (lipid)
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hypercholesterolemia
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increased levels of cholesterol in the blood
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coron/o
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heart
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coronary arteries
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arteries supplying the heart muscle; like a crown
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cyan/o
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blue
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cyanosis
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bluish discoloration of the skin indicating diminished oxygen content of the blood
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myx/o
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mucus
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myxoma
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benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. These tumors occur most frequently in left atrium. Dangerous because friable and regular heart beat can knock them loose.
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ox/o
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oxygen
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hypoxia
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oxygen deprivation
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pericardiocentesis
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surgical drainage of the pericardium
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phleb/o
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vein
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phlebotomy
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surgical incision into a vein to draw blood
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sphygm/o
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pulse
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shygmomanometer
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a BP cuff
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steth/o
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chest
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stethoscope
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instrument used to listen= auscultate
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auscultate
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to listen
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thromb/o
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clot like thrombosis
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valvul/o
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valve
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valvuloplasty
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repair of a valve surgically
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mitral valvulitis
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inflammation of mitral valve
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valvotomy
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surgical incision into a valve
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vas/o
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vessel
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vasoconstriction
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to tighten or narrow a vessel
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vasodilation
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to enlarge or widen a vessel
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valvotomy
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surgical incision into a valve
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valv/o
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vessel
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mitral valvulitis
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inflammation of the mitral valve
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vascul/o
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vessel
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vascular
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pertaining to blood vessels
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ven/o
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vein
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venous
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pertaining to veins
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ventricul/o
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ventricle; lower heart chamber
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ventriculotomy
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surgical incision into the ventricle
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interventricular septum
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muscular partition between the ventricles
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arrhythmia
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is any abnormal heart rhythm; also dysrhythmia
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dysrhythmia
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is any abnormal heart rhythm
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atrioventricular block (Heart block)
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Failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His). An implanted cardiac pacemaker corrects this).
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fibrill/o
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muscle twitching
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automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator
(AICD) |
device that is implanted into the chest to sense arrhythmias and correct them
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radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA)
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A nonsurgical tx used to treat arrythmias in which a catheter is inserted into a vessel and adv to the area of the heart muscle resp for the arrhythmia. Once there the tissue is burt with high frequency current thus ablating the focus of the arrythmia
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cardiac arrest
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the sudden unexpected stoppage of heart movement
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palpitations
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uncomfortable sensations in the chest associated with arrythmias. 2 cardiac causes of palpitations are:
premature ventricular contractions(PVC) premature atrial contractions (PAC) |
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patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)
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a small duct (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta & pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remains open (patent).
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congestive heart failure
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heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood (more blood enters the heart from the veins than leaves through the arteries).
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
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disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
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endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis)
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hypertensive heart disease
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high blood pressure affecting the heart
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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improper closure of the mitral valve when the heart is pumping blood
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murmur
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an extra heart sound heard between normal beats
bruit= abnormal sound that is heard thrill= vibration felt on chest accompanying a murmur |
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bruit
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abnormal sound which is heard
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thrill
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vibration felt on chest accompanying a murmur
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the membrane pericardium surrounding the heart
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rheumatic heart disease
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heart disease caused by rheumatic fever (strep)
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aneurism
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local widening (ballooning out) of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall owing to atherosclerosis
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Raynaud phenomenon
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short episodes of pallor and numbness in the fingers and toes due to temporary constriction of the arterioles in the skin
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congenital heart disease
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abnormalities at birth
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coronary arteries
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The blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry O2 rich blood to the heart muscle
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essential hypertension
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cause of hypertension is idiopathic
140/90 or higher |
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secondary Hypertension
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always some associated lesion such as glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or disease of the adrenal glands that is responsible for elevated blood pressure
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lipid tests
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lipids = fatty substances found in foods and in the body; examples are cholesterol and triglycerides
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lipoprotein electrophoresis
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the process of physically separating lipoproteins from a blood sample
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X-ray
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x-ray
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angiography
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dye is injected into the blood or heart chamber and x-ray films are taken of the heart large blood vessels in chest
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arteriography
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dye is injected into the aorta or an artery in the groin
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digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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Videoequipment and a computer are used to produce x-ray pictures of blood vessels. First, an x-ray produced of area and stored in comp. Next contrast mat. injected into a vein and stored into comp. Comparison done by comp.
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echocardiography (ECHO)
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ultrasound waves are transmitted into the chest and echoes returning from the valves, chambers, and surfaces of the heart are electronically plotted and recorded
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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an IV radiopharmaceutical is admin foll'd by an inj. of glucse. Localz in myocardium. Uptke is prop'l to glucse metabol act of myocardial cells. Imgs showing blood flow and funct'l act of the myocardium are obtained.
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technetium 99m ventriculography
Multiple gated acquisition scan(MUGA) |
Radioactive test studying the motion of the left ventricular wall and measure the ventricles ability to eject blood. It is a test of functioning of the heart and cardiac output.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Cardiac MRI |
magnetic waves are beamed at the heart and in image is produced
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electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)
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process of recording the electricity flowing thru the heart and the rhythm of the heartbeat
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endarterectomy
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surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery when it is thickened by fatty deposits and thromboses
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extracorporeal
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outside the body
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heart transplantation
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a donor heart is transferred to a recipient
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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aka balloon angioplasty. A balloon tipped catheter is inserted into femoral artery and threaded up the aorta into a coronary artery. Balloon is inflated opening the artery
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Doppler ultrasound
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an instrument focuses sound waves on a blood vessel, blood flow is measured as echoes bounce of RBCs. Velocity of blood flow increases in areas of stenosis. Used to detect vascular occlusion.
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High Levels of LDL and VLDL are associated with?
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atherosclerosis
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Ultrasound tests
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Doppler Ultrasound
Echocardiography (ECHO) |
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cardioversion
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defibrillation very brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia and allow more normal rhythm to begin
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defibrillator
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device which delivers an electrical shock that restores the heart's regular rhythm
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endarterectomy
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surgical removal of the innermost lining(=intima) of an artery; because you cannot just take the plaque.
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extracorporeal circulation (ECC)
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heart lung machine used as a bypass to divert blood from heart/lungs while the heart is being repaired. Blood leaves the body, enters the machine, where it is oxygenated, and then returns to a blood vessel to circulate.
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
Essential hypertension Secondary hypertension |
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stress test
exercise tolerance test(ETT) |
this determines the hearts response to physical exertion (stress) ECG and other measurements taken while pt is on treadmill. Changes in ECG during increasing workload indicate the presence or severity of ischemia
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thrombolysis
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to dissolve a clot
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thrombolytic therapy
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tPA (tissue type plasminogen activator) and streptokinase, which dissolves clots are injected into the blood of pts diagnosed with coronary thrombosis.
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Holter monitoring
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a compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
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Nuclear Cardiology
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Positron Emission Tomography(PET)
Thallium 201 Scintigraphy Technetium 99m ventriculography Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Cardiac MRI |
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arrythmias
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1. atrioventricular block
2. flutter rapid but regular contractions of the atria or ventricles 3. fibrillation rapid random ineffectual and irregular contraction of the hear (350 bpm) |
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brachial artery
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principle artery of upper arm
(where you hear Karotkoff sounds) |
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congenital heart disease
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Congenital Heart Disease
1 Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) 2 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 3 septal defects 4 tetralogy of Fallot |
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coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
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narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta
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coronary bypass surgery (CABG)
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vessel grafts are anastomosed = netted to existing coronary arteries to detour around blockages and keep the myocardium supplied with oxygenated blood.
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thallium 201 scintigraphy
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is a radioactive isotope that is taken up by myocardial tissue. After IV injection, the concentration of thallium 201 is measured. Infarcted or scarred myocardium does not extract any isotope, showing up as cold spots
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atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
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Specialized muscle fibers in wall between the ventricles that carry electrical impulses to ventricles
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cardiac catheterization
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thin flexible tube is introduced into a vein or artery and is guided into the heart for purposes of detecting pressures and patterns of blood flow. Contrast solution can also be used
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cardiomyopathy
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toxic or infectious agents may be the cause, but often the etiology is unknown (idiopathic) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an increase in heart muscle wt, esp along the septum which causes narrowing of the aortic valve.
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pericardi/o
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pericardium
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peripheral vascular disease
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blockage of blood vessels arteries in the lower extremities due to atherosclerosis
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septal defects
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small holes in the septa between atria (atrial septal defects(ASDs) or ventricles (ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
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tetralogy of Fallot
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A congenital malformation of the heart involving four (tetra) distinct defects:
1. Pulmonary artery stenosis 2. Ventricular septal Defect 3. shift of the aorta to the right 4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen and twisted veins usually occurring in the legs
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2 cardiac causes of palpitations are?
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premature ventricular contractions(PVC)
premature atrial contractions (PAC) |
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fribillation
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rapid random ineffectual and irregular contraction of the hear (350 bpm)
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high levels of HDL do this...?
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High levels of HDL which remove cholesterol and transport it to the liver, protect adults from the development of atherosclerosis. Factors increasing, estrogen, exercise, and alcohol (in moderation)
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Serum enzyme tests
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during a MI enzymes are released into the blood from the dying heart muscle. These are measured and are useful as evidence of an infarction
creatine phosphokinase (CPK) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) |
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atherosclerosis
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the major form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of yellow plaque (cholesterol and lipids) are found within the lining of the artery.
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Explain conduction of the heart
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The heart is an electrical pump
1 Sinoatrial Node (SA node) "pacemaker" 2 Atrioventricular Node (AV node) 3 Bundle of His 4 Bundle branches L and R 5 Purkinje fibers |
