Logical Fallacies

Front 1

Non sequitur

Back 1

-"it does not follow"
-stating a conclusion that doesn't follow from the first premise or premises.
ex: I've lived in this town a long time-why, my grandfather was the first mayor-so I'm against putting fluoride in the drinking water."

Front 2

Over simplification

Back 2

-supplying neat and easy explanations for large and complicated phnomena.
ex: "No wonder drug abuseis out of control. Look at how the courts have hobbled police officers"
-__ed solutionsare also popular
ex: "All these teenage kids that get in trouble with the law-why, they ought to ship 'em over to China. That would straighten 'em out!"

Front 3

Hasty Generalization

Back 3

leaping to a generalization from inadequate or faulty evidence. The most familiar __ is the stereotype.
ex: "Men aren't sensitive enough to be day-care providers:
"Women are too emotional to fight in combat."

Front 4

Either/or reasoning

Back 4

-assuming that a reality may be divided into only two parts or extremes; assuming that a given problem has only one of two posible solutions
ex: "What's to be done about the trade imbalance with Asia? Either we ban all Asian imports, or American industry will collapse."
-obviously, this reasoning is a kind of extreme oversimplification.

Front 5

Argument from doubtful or unidentified authority

Back 5

ex: "We ought to castrate all sex offendersl Uncle Oswald says we should."
"According to reliable sources, my opponent is lying."

Front 6

Argument ad hominem

Back 6

-To the man
-attacking a person's views by attacking his or her character.
ex: "Mayor Burns is divorced and strange from his family. How can we listen to his pleas for a city nursing home?"

Front 7

Begging the question

Back 7

-takin for granted from the start what you set out to demonstrate. When you reaon in a logical way, you state that because something's true, then, as a result, some other truth follows. When you __ you repeat that what is true is true (repetition).
ex: If you argue that dogs are a menance to people because they're mean, doesn't prove a thing, since the idea that dogs are dangerous is already assumed in the statement that they are a menace.
"I am in college because that is the right thing to do. Going to college is the right thing to do because it is expected of me."

Front 8

(Post hoc, ergo propter hoc) post hoc

Back 8

-(after this, therefore because of this)assuming that because B follows A, B was caused by A.
ex: "Ever since the city suspended height restrictions on skyscrapers, the city budget has been balanced."

Front 9

False Analogy

Back 9

-the claim of persuasive likeness when no significant likeness exists. Analogies cannot serve as evidence in a rational argumentbecause they differences outweigh the similarities; but analogies can reinforce such arguments if the subjects are similar in some ways. If not, it's false.