Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Too Narrow
|
The definition does not include all the items which should be included
|
|
Non-support
|
Evidence for the phenomenon being explained is biased
|
|
Subverted Support
|
The phenomenon being explained doesn't exist
|
|
Existential Fallacy
|
a particular conclusion is drawn from universal premises
|
|
Fallacy of Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion From a Negative Premise:
|
as the name implies
|
|
Fallacy of Exclusive Premises
|
a syllogism has two negative premises
|
|
Illicit Minor
|
the subject of the conclusion talks about all of something, but the premises only mention some cases of the term in the subject
|
|
Illicit Major
|
the predicate of the conclusion talks about all of something, but the premises only mention some cases of the term in the predicate
|
|
Undistributed Middle
|
two separate categories are said to be connected because they share a common property
|
|
Fallacy of Four Terms
|
a syllogism has four terms
|
|
Inconsistency
|
asserting that contrary or contradictory statements are both true
|
|
Denying the Antecedent
|
any argument of the form: If A then B, Not A, thus Not B
|
|
Affirming the Consequent
|
any argument of the form: If A then B, B, therefore A
|
|
Division
|
because the whole has a certain property, it is argued that the parts have that property
|
|
Composition
|
because the attributes of the parts of a whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property
|
|
Accent
|
the emphasis on a word or phrase suggests a meaning contrary to what the sentence actually says
|
|
Amphiboly
|
the structure of a sentence allows two different interpretations
|
|
Equivocation
|
the same term is used with two different meanings
|
|
Straw Man
|
the author attacks an argument different from (and weaker than) the opposition's best argument
|
|
Irrelevant Conclusion
|
an argument in defense of one conclusion instead proves a different conclusion
|
|
Begging the Question
|
the truth of the conclusion is assumed by the premises
|
|
Complex Cause
|
the cause identified is only a part of the entire cause of the effect
|
|
Wrong Direction
|
the direction between cause and effect is reversed
|
|
Insignificant
|
one thing is held to cause another, and it does, but it is insignificant compared to other causes of the effect
|
|
Joint effect
|
one thing is held to cause another when in fact they are both the joint effects of an underlying cause
|
|
Post Hoc
|
because one thing follows another, it is held to cause the other
|
|
Converse Accident
|
an exception is applied in circumstances where a generalization should apply
|
|
Accident
|
a generalization is applied when circumstances suggest that there should be an exception
|
|
Fallacy of Exclusion
|
evidence which would change the outcome of an inductive argument is excluded from consideration
|
|
Slothful Induction
|
the conclusion of a strong inductive argument is denied despite the evidence to the contrary
|
|
False Analogy
|
the two objects or events being compared are relevantly dissimilar
|
|
Unrepresentative Sample
|
the sample is unrepresentative of the sample as a whole
|
|
Hasty Generalization
|
the sample is too small to support an inductive generalization about a population
|
|
Style Over Substance
|
the manner in which an argument (or arguer) is presented is felt to affect the truth of the conclusion
|
|
Anonymous Authority
|
the authority in question is not named
|
|
Appeal to Authority
|
1. the authority is not an expert in the field; 2. experts in the field disagree; 3. the authority was joking, drunk, or in some other way not being serious
|
|
Attacking the Person:
|
1. the person's character is attacked; 2. the person's circumstances are noted; 3. the person does not practise what is preached
|
|
Popularity
|
a proposition is argued to be true because it is widely held to be true
|
|
Prejudicial Language
|
value or moral goodness is attached to believing the author
|
|
Consequences
|
the reader is warned of unacceptable consequences
|
|
Appeal to Pity
|
the reader is persuaded to agree by sympathy
|
|
Appeal to Force
|
the reader is persuaded to agree by force
|
|
Complex Question
|
two unrelated points are conjoined as a single proposition
|
|
Slippery Slope
|
a series of increasingly unacceptable consequences is drawn
|
|
From Ignorance
|
because something is not known to be true, it is assumed to be false
|
|
False Dilemma
|
two choices are given when in fact there are three options
|
|
Conflicting Conditions
|
The definition is self-contradictory
|
|
Circular Definition
|
The definition includes the term being defined as a part of the definition
|
|
Failure to Elucidate
|
The definition is more difficult to understand than the word or concept being defined
|
|
Too Broad
|
The definition includes items which should not be included
|
|
Limited Depth
|
The theory which explains does not appeal to underlying causes
|
|
Limited Scope
|
The theory which explains can only explain one thing
|
|
Untestability
|
The theory which explains cannot be tested
|