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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
statement
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a sentence that is either true or false
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conditional statement
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"If...then"
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categorical statement
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"all/no/some.. are/are not"
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quality
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affirmative or negative
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quantity
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universal or particular
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explanation
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a non-argument that tries to shed light on something... usually accepted as matter of fact.NOT PROVING ANYTHING
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premise(s)
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statement in argument that sets forth evidence
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truth-value
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the attribute by which a statement is either true or false
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conclusion
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the statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or imply
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argument
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a group of statements, one or more of which are the premise which claims to provide support for the conclusion
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deductive argument
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it is impossible for conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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inductive argument
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it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true.
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valid (deduction)
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impossible fro conclusion to be false given premises are true
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invalid (deductive)
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it is possible fro the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
all banks are financial institutions wells fargo is a financial institution therefore, wells fargo is a bank |
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sound (deductive)
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valid with true premises
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unsound (deductive)
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invalid, has one or more false premises or both
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enthymeme
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an argument that is missing a part (premise)
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syllogism
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deductive argument with 2 premises and 1 conclusion
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major term
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predicate
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minor term
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subject
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middle term
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the term that occurs only in the premises of categorical syllogism
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hypothetical syllogism
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conditional statement (if...) for one or both of premises
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disjunctive
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"either..or.." statement in one of its premises
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traditional square of opposition
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A E
I O |
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contradictory
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opposite truth value
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contrary
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at least one is false (not both true)
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subcontrary
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at least one is true (not both false)
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subalternation
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truth flows downwards, falsity flows upwards
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true or false:
All valid arguments are sound |
False
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true or false:
All sound arguments are valid |
True
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true or false:
Some sound arguments have false premises |
False
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true or false:
Some valid arguments have false premises |
True
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unless
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v
(wedge) |
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tautology
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a wff that cannot be false
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self-contradictory proposition
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a wff that cannot be true
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P * Q
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t
f f f |
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P v Q
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t
t t f |
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P > Q
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t
f t t |
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P = Q
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t
f t t |
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T or F
a valid argument may have a false premise and a true conclusion |
True
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T or F
A valid argument may have a false premise and a true conclusion |
False
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T or F
A sound argument may be invalid |
False
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An argument can be legitimately spoken of as "true" or "false"
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False
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sound argument =
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valid + true premises
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cogent argument =
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strong + true premises
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proposition
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statement that is either true or false
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Francis Bacon's argument for
The New Organon |
truth must be discovered by starting from facts of nature and gradually moving toward general axioms. He critiques the syllogism and aristotelean deductive logic on the basis that it accepts matters of fact and axioms out right.
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Mill's Method of Joint Agreement and Difference
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identify a condition that is present in 2 or more occurances in which the phenomenon is present and absent in 2 or more occurances in which the phenomenon is absent
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Hume's worry concerning inductive reasoning (the Inquiry)
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everyday reasoning depends on repeated experiences rather than deductively valid arguments. there is no gaurantee that past will always determine future.
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example of formal fallacy DENYING THE ANTECEDENT
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If you work hard you will get a good job. If you do not work hard you will not get a good job.
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example of formal fallacy
AFFIRMING THE CONSQUENT |
if you own a horse you know an equine veterinarian. I know an equine veterinarian, therefore I own a horse.
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pure hypothetical syllogism
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all thoroughbreds are horses
all horses are herbavores all thoroughbreds are herbavores |
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MP
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if A then B
A -- B |
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MT
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if A then B
not B -- not A |
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DS
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either A or B
not A -- B |
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CD
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(p then q) * (r then s)
p or r -- q or s |
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Conj
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p
q -- p * q |