Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Premise Indicator Words
|
Because, Since, For, For that reason
|
|
|
Conclusion Indicator Words
|
Therefore, Thus, And so, Consequently, Necessarily, Hence, It follows that, For that reason
|
|
|
Valid Argument
|
Conclusion follows from premises
|
|
|
Invalid Argument
|
Bad arguments with true conclusions; don't always support conclusion because of argument
|
|
|
Sound Argument
|
VALID argument in which all the premises are TRUE
|
|
|
Unsound Argument
|
Invalid argument
|
|
|
Extended Argument
|
A series of intermingled arguments
|
|
|
Universal Generalization
|
"all" or "no" members of one class are or aren't part of another
|
Ex:
|
|
Statical Generalization
|
generalizations that state that some proportion of members of one class are members of another class
|
- most, usually, seldom, frequently, and rarely
|
|
Ambiguous
|
has more than one distinct meaning
|
|
|
The Fallacy of Equivocation
|
If the conclusion of an argument depends on a shift in meaning of an ambiguous term.. the fallacy of equivocation is committed.
|
ex: MAD men should not be allowed to make important decisions concerning the lives of others.
my father is MAD __________ my father should not be allowed to make decisions |
|
Amphiboly
|
result of ambiguous sentence structures
|
ex: He has two grown sons and a daughter in a nunnery.
|
|
Relative Terms
|
use of relative adverbs or adjectives
|
ex: big or small
|
|
Vagueness
|
occurs if there are borderline areas in which it is unclear whether or not the term applies - or overlapping meanings - general language
|
ex: "kid" or a "good" friend
|
|
Intentional Definition
|
set of all and only those properties that a thing must possess for that term to apply to it
|
Ex: a person must possess the property of being a pro. boxer for the term PRIZEFIGHTER to be correctly applicable
|
|
Explicit Intentional Definition
|
dictionary definition; equivalent in meaning to the term stated
|
|
|
Circular Definition
|
incorporates the term being defined in the definition
|
Ex: "Full Time Student": - a person who is enrolled full time in school
|
|
Extensional Definition
|
lists all the elements of a given set: list all subsets
|
Ex: marsupials - list different types instead of the elements
|
|
Extension
|
set of individuals, objects, or events to with a term can be correctly applied
|
|
|
Ostensive Definition
|
Most basic, what is involved in our learning language - define something by pointing at it
|
Ex: pointing at a cat and saying "that is a cat"
|
|
Stipulative Definition
|
introduce new words as new situations or interests arise
|
Ex. astronauts
|
|
Persuasive Definition
|
designed to transfer emotive force - words carry an attitude
|
ex: fragile vs. weak
|
|
Valid Deductive Arguments
|
the premises provide conclusive support for the conclusion
|
If premises are all true, then the conclusion must be true
|
|
Correct Inductive Arguments
|
the premises provide good reasons but not conclusive reason to accept the conclusion
|
if premises are all true, then probable the conclusion is true, but it may be false
|
|
Fallacious Arguments
|
the alleged evidence offers only very weak support or is irrelevant to the conclusion
|
|
|
Deductive Arguments
|
Truth preserving arguments; mathematical and ethical
|
Ex: all deliberate killing of helpless persons is wrong
euthanasia is the deliberate killing of a helpless person _______ euthanasia is wrong ^Valid Deductive Argument |
|
Indirect Argument/Proof
(proof by contradiction) |
proving that a sentence is false - premises lead to false conclusions
|
|
|
Deductive Indicator Words
|
must, it must be the case that, necessarily, inevitably, certainly, it can be deduced that, entails, implies
|
|
|
Inference to the Best Explanation
|
not deduction because it is not conclusive
|
Ex: I see it, I deduce it ... not deduced because it is not conclusive
|
|
Inductive Arguments - amplitative
|
all premises can be true and genuinely support conclusion, but the conclusion can still be false
|
|
|
Inductive Indicator Words
|
probably, usually, tends to support, likely, very likely, almost always, may, might
|
|
|
Inductive Fallacy
|
argument where the premises purport the correct answer but they don't lead to the right conclusion
|
|
|
Appeal to force (fear)
|
ad baculum
|
fallacious argument
|
|
Appeal to pity (pity)
|
ad misericordiam
|
fallacious argument
|
|
Conditional Sentence
|
sentence which says that the truth of the claim is dependent on the truth of another claim
|
antecedent: expreses condition (if)
consequent: depends on the condition (then) |
|
Unless
|
If Not
Both connector and apart of the antecedent |
I'll see you tomorrow (consequent) unless you tell me that the meeting is off (antecedent)
|
|
only if
|
consequent follows
|
|
|
Sufficient Condition
|
the antecedent
|
ex: a _____ condition of its pouring is that it rains
|
|
Necessary Condition
|
the consequent
|
ex: a _____ condition of its raining is that it pours
|
|
Material Conditionals
|
cannot be true if it has a false consequent and a true antecedent
|
|
|
Truth Functional
|
the truth of the conditional sentence is determined completely by (is a function of) the truth of its component sentences
|
|
|
Counter-Factual
|
if something was true then something else would be true
|
|
|
Modus Ponens
|
Affirming the Antecedent
if p, then q p ___ .q |
impossible for both premises to be true and the conclusion false
|
|
Modus Tollens
|
denying the consequent
*negation |
|
|
Deductive Fallacies
|
arguments that resemble deductively correct arguments but are INVALID
|
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent |
|
Hypothetical Syllogism
|
both premises and the conclusion are conditional sentences
-VALID |
If p, then q
If q, then r ______ . if p, then r |
|
Constructive Dilemma
|
two conditional premises, a third premise that states that one or the other of the antecedents is true, and a conclusion that states that one or the other of the consequents is true
|
If p, the q
If r, then s p or r _____ q or s |
|
Destructive Dilemma
|
If p, then q
If r, then s Not q or not s -------- not p or not r |
|
|
Disjunctive Syllogisms
|
one of the premises is a disjunction and the other premise denies one of the disjuncts
|
p or q
not p ------ q |
|
Demorgan's Laws
|
~(p.q) :: ~p v ~q
~(pvq) :: ~p . ~q p.q :: ~(~p v ~q) pvq:: ~(~p . ~q) |
|
|
Conjunction
|
(and) both conjuncts have to be true
|
|
|
Disjunction
|
(or) at least on premise is true
|
|
|
Self - Contradictions
|
sentences that are false by virtue of their truth functional structure
|
p . ~p
|
|
NAND
|
true except when both are true
|
|
|
Disjunctive Normal Form
|
to set up explicitly the exact situation in which a sentence form is true
|
|
|
Contingency
|
has both truths and falses to it
|
|