• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/56

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
Premise Indicator Words
Because, Since, For, For that reason
Conclusion Indicator Words
Therefore, Thus, And so, Consequently, Necessarily, Hence, It follows that, For that reason
Valid Argument
Conclusion follows from premises
Invalid Argument
Bad arguments with true conclusions; don't always support conclusion because of argument
Sound Argument
VALID argument in which all the premises are TRUE
Unsound Argument
Invalid argument
Extended Argument
A series of intermingled arguments
Universal Generalization
"all" or "no" members of one class are or aren't part of another
Ex:
Statical Generalization
generalizations that state that some proportion of members of one class are members of another class
- most, usually, seldom, frequently, and rarely
Ambiguous
has more than one distinct meaning
The Fallacy of Equivocation
If the conclusion of an argument depends on a shift in meaning of an ambiguous term.. the fallacy of equivocation is committed.
ex: MAD men should not be allowed to make important decisions concerning the lives of others.
my father is MAD
__________
my father should not be allowed to make decisions
Amphiboly
result of ambiguous sentence structures
ex: He has two grown sons and a daughter in a nunnery.
Relative Terms
use of relative adverbs or adjectives
ex: big or small
Vagueness
occurs if there are borderline areas in which it is unclear whether or not the term applies - or overlapping meanings - general language
ex: "kid" or a "good" friend
Intentional Definition
set of all and only those properties that a thing must possess for that term to apply to it
Ex: a person must possess the property of being a pro. boxer for the term PRIZEFIGHTER to be correctly applicable
Explicit Intentional Definition
dictionary definition; equivalent in meaning to the term stated
Circular Definition
incorporates the term being defined in the definition
Ex: "Full Time Student": - a person who is enrolled full time in school
Extensional Definition
lists all the elements of a given set: list all subsets
Ex: marsupials - list different types instead of the elements
Extension
set of individuals, objects, or events to with a term can be correctly applied
Ostensive Definition
Most basic, what is involved in our learning language - define something by pointing at it
Ex: pointing at a cat and saying "that is a cat"
Stipulative Definition
introduce new words as new situations or interests arise
Ex. astronauts
Persuasive Definition
designed to transfer emotive force - words carry an attitude
ex: fragile vs. weak
Valid Deductive Arguments
the premises provide conclusive support for the conclusion
If premises are all true, then the conclusion must be true
Correct Inductive Arguments
the premises provide good reasons but not conclusive reason to accept the conclusion
if premises are all true, then probable the conclusion is true, but it may be false
Fallacious Arguments
the alleged evidence offers only very weak support or is irrelevant to the conclusion
Deductive Arguments
Truth preserving arguments; mathematical and ethical
Ex: all deliberate killing of helpless persons is wrong
euthanasia is the deliberate killing of a helpless person
_______
euthanasia is wrong

^Valid Deductive Argument
Indirect Argument/Proof
(proof by contradiction)
proving that a sentence is false - premises lead to false conclusions
Deductive Indicator Words
must, it must be the case that, necessarily, inevitably, certainly, it can be deduced that, entails, implies
Inference to the Best Explanation
not deduction because it is not conclusive
Ex: I see it, I deduce it ... not deduced because it is not conclusive
Inductive Arguments - amplitative
all premises can be true and genuinely support conclusion, but the conclusion can still be false
Inductive Indicator Words
probably, usually, tends to support, likely, very likely, almost always, may, might
Inductive Fallacy
argument where the premises purport the correct answer but they don't lead to the right conclusion
Appeal to force (fear)
ad baculum
fallacious argument
Appeal to pity (pity)
ad misericordiam
fallacious argument
Conditional Sentence
sentence which says that the truth of the claim is dependent on the truth of another claim
antecedent: expreses condition (if)
consequent: depends on the condition (then)
Unless
If Not
Both connector and apart of the antecedent
I'll see you tomorrow (consequent) unless you tell me that the meeting is off (antecedent)
only if
consequent follows
Sufficient Condition
the antecedent
ex: a _____ condition of its pouring is that it rains
Necessary Condition
the consequent
ex: a _____ condition of its raining is that it pours
Material Conditionals
cannot be true if it has a false consequent and a true antecedent
Truth Functional
the truth of the conditional sentence is determined completely by (is a function of) the truth of its component sentences
Counter-Factual
if something was true then something else would be true
Modus Ponens
Affirming the Antecedent
if p, then q
p
___
.q
impossible for both premises to be true and the conclusion false
Modus Tollens
denying the consequent
*negation
Deductive Fallacies
arguments that resemble deductively correct arguments but are INVALID
Affirming the Consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Hypothetical Syllogism
both premises and the conclusion are conditional sentences
-VALID
If p, then q
If q, then r
______
. if p, then r
Constructive Dilemma
two conditional premises, a third premise that states that one or the other of the antecedents is true, and a conclusion that states that one or the other of the consequents is true
If p, the q
If r, then s
p or r
_____
q or s
Destructive Dilemma
If p, then q
If r, then s
Not q or not s
--------
not p or not r
Disjunctive Syllogisms
one of the premises is a disjunction and the other premise denies one of the disjuncts
p or q
not p
------
q
Demorgan's Laws
~(p.q) :: ~p v ~q
~(pvq) :: ~p . ~q
p.q :: ~(~p v ~q)
pvq:: ~(~p . ~q)
Conjunction
(and) both conjuncts have to be true
Disjunction
(or) at least on premise is true
Self - Contradictions
sentences that are false by virtue of their truth functional structure
p . ~p
NAND
true except when both are true
Disjunctive Normal Form
to set up explicitly the exact situation in which a sentence form is true
Contingency
has both truths and falses to it