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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the largest endocrine organ?




What is covered by? It divides the parenchyma (bulk of the liver=hepatocytes) into lobules




Glycogen storage is one of the functions of the organ above. What else stores glycogen?




Where is this organ found and why?

Liver

Covered by the Glisson's capsule (CT)
 -We have very little CT in liver perenchyma in humans (thicker in animals ex. pigs)

Glycogen is also stored in cardiac and smooth muscle

It is found between the small intestine and heart because all...

Liver




Covered by the Glisson's capsule (CT)


-We have very little CT in liver perenchyma in humans (thicker in animals ex. pigs)




Glycogen is also stored in cardiac and smooth muscle




It is found between the small intestine and heart because all of the toxins can be taken out of the liver before it enters the heart

Functions of the liver




Synthesizes many compounds like prothrombin, fibrinogen, lipoprotein and?




What does it store?




What does it eliminate?




What does it inactivate or detoxify?




What does it form and secrete?


The liver is divided into 6 sided unit structures called?


The little space around the above is?


Each point in the unit structure is called? And is composed of what 4 things?


In the unit structure are what cells that are linearly arranged and...

The liver is divided into 6 sided unit structures called?




The little space around the above is?




Each point in the unit structure is called? And is composed of what 4 things?




In the unit structure are what cells that are linearly arranged and are in "plates" (polygonal)?

Classic lobule




Little space is the connective tissue




Portal Triad there is an artery, vein, duct, and lymphatic vessel embedded in connective tissue




Hepatocytes

Between hepatocytes arranged in plates are discontinuous capillaries called?


What supports the discontinuous capillaries of the above?

Between hepatocytes arranged in plates are discontinuous capillaries with endothelial cells are called?




What supports the discontinuous capillaries of the above?

Sinusoids 


Reticularwalls (collagen type III) support walls of discontinous capillaries 


(Whiteis the lumen of the sinusoids)

Sinusoids




Reticular walls (collagen type III) support walls of discontinous capillaries




(White is the lumen of the sinusoids)

In the portal triad:


There is a hepatic artery that brings __ into the liver


There is a portal vein that comes from the __ and brings __ into the liver


There is also a bile duct and a lymphatic vessel


Blood goes from the __ through the __ ...

In the portal triad:




There is a hepatic artery that brings __ into the liver




There is a portal vein that comes from the __ and brings __ into the liver




There is also a bile duct and a lymphatic vessel




Blood goes from the __ through the __ into the __




Hepatocytes are stacked together and make bile which is transported from the __ towards the __




Hepatocytes (polygonal) can be nucleate or binucleate (4n DNA instead of 2N due to no cytokinesis)

The Hepaticartery– brings oxygenated blood (25% of mix) into the liver


Portalveincomes from GI tract -brings poorlyoxygenated blood (75% of mix) into the liver 


Bloodgoes down through portal triad through sinusoid to the central vein 


Hepa...

The Hepaticartery– brings oxygenated blood (25% of mix) into the liver




Portalveincomes from GI tract -brings poorlyoxygenated blood (75% of mix) into the liver


-(aswell as toxins from the intestine, breakdownproducts of blood cells from the spleen, and endocrine secretions from thepancreas and enteroendicrinecells of the gi tract)




Blood goes down through portal triad through sinusoid to the central vein




Hepatocytesmake bile and are transported from all the hepatocytes towards bile duct


-Opposite the direction of the flow of blood!




Hepatocytes can be nucleate or binucleate (4n amount of dna instead of 2n) no cytokinesis

Hepatocyte Structure:




Has a central nucleus, extensive rough ER, and smooth ER that deal with toxic molecules and glycogen metabolism




On 4 sides of hepatocytes are?




On the other 2 sides of the hepatocytes are?




Which sides are the extensive microvilli brush border found?




What are found in between hepatocytes and what do they do?




What other organelle does the liver have?

On 4sides are other hepatocytes  


Onthe other 2 sides are sinusoid 


Havean extensive microvilli brush border on the sidesthat face the sinusoid 


Bile canaliculi are between hepatocytes and transfers bile 


 Peroxisome: make catalyse which b...

On 4sides are other hepatocytes




Onthe other 2 sides are sinusoid




Havean extensive microvilli brush border on the sidesthat face the sinusoid




Bile canaliculi are between hepatocytes and transfers bile




Peroxisome: make catalyse which breakdown hydrogen peroxide

Liver hepatocytes are filled with?




What is one of it's major functions?




What organelle does this occur in?

Filled with glycogen molecules 


Mainfunction is carbohydrate metabolism 
-Maintainblood glucose levelsby synthesizing or breaking down glycogen 
-Insulinpromotes uptake of glucose and formation of glycogen 
-Alsostores glycogen 


 -specifically...

Filled with glycogen molecules




Mainfunction is carbohydrate metabolism


-Maintain blood glucose levels by synthesizing or breaking down glycogen


-Insulin promotes uptake of glucose and formation of glycogen


-Also stores glycogen




-specifically happens in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Besides carbohydrate metabolism, the smooth ER is involved in?




How does it do this?




-Other roles of SER include synthesis of lipoproteins, bile salts and VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)

Involved in inactivation of toxic substances, drugs, hormones
-detoxifies barbiturates, steroids and alcohol


It inactivates them by making them water soluble (can pee them out)

Involved in inactivation of toxic substances, drugs, hormones


-detoxifies barbiturates, steroids and alcohol




It inactivates them by making them water soluble (can pee them out)





Role of Rough ER in hepatocytes




Synthesizes?




This includes __ which contributes to colloid pressure of plasma and transports non soluble substances




Also includes __ and __ for clotting




And __ which transports iron in plasma to bone marrow/spleen/liver

Plasma protein

Plasma protein

Summary of Hepatocyte Function:




1. Bile formation




2. Lipid metabolism




3. Breakdown of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide




4. Inactivation of hormones and drugs (toxins)




5. Carbohydrate metabolism




6. Storage of vitamins




7. Storage of Iron from RBCs




8. Synthesis of plasma protein




9. Energy production


Cream
= where hepatcotyes are (parenchyma)

Blood
is coming from hepatic artery
(oxygenated) 

Blood
comes in from portal vein (poorly oxygenated) 

Goes
through purple channels sinusoids 


Makes
its way to hepatic vein, inferior cava, ...

Cream= where hepatcotyes are (parenchyma)




Bloodis coming from hepatic artery(oxygenated)




Bloodcomes in from portal vein (poorly oxygenated)




Goesthrough purple channels sinusoids




Makesits way to hepatic vein, inferior cava, and to the heart

Besides the classic lobule, there are 2 other ways to organize the liver: One is the Portal Lobule




It is used to describe?




It is a boundary that joins __ and the center is the __




This triangular region is the part of the classic lobule that secretes __ that drains into the __ of the __

Portal
Lobule: 
-Used to describe the exocrine function of the liver such as bile secretion and flow

-Boundary  that joins three central veins and the center is the portal triad 

•The triangular region is that part
of the classic lobule ...

PortalLobule:


-Used to describe the exocrine function of the liver such as bile secretion and flow




-Boundary that joins three central veins and the center is the portal triad




•The triangular region is that partof the classic lobule that secretes bile that drains into the bile duct in theportal triad

Besides the classic lobule, there are 2 other ways to organize the liver: The other is the Hepatic (portal) Acinus




*This is the smallest functional unit to describe the liver parenchyma




-It is also used to describe another exocrine function of the liver




The Hepatic (portal) Acinus is diamond shaped.


What is found at the ends of its long axis?




What is found at the ends of its short axis?

Hepatic (portal) Acinus














At
the end of it's long axis are central veins

At the ends of the short axis are
portal triads

Hepatic (portal) Acinus




Atthe end of it's long axis are central veins




At the ends of the short axis areportal triads

Hepatic (portal) Acinus




Is divided in to 3 zones:




Zone 1 is in the __ of the hepatic portal acinus and is the region closest to?




Zone 3 is the __ of the hepatic portal acinus and is the region closest to?




Zone 2 is the region in between




Blood comes in from which zone?




What zone sees the most amount of oxygen?




What zone sees the most amount of toxin?




What zone sees the least amount of toxin?




If you have a patient whose bile duct is clogged, which zone would be most effected




-Sinusoids go all the way through every zone in the hepatic acinus




Oxygen content, metabolic activity, and distribution of hepatic enzymes varies across the zones. Damage that occurs from exposure of toxic materials are explained using these different zones. Because of this hepatocytes are capable of?

Hepatic (portal) Acinus

Zone
1 (w/ thick black line in middle): 
Region closest to portal triads

Zone 3: 2 regions at the ends of the hepatic acinus, closest to the central veins

Zone 2: region in between


Mix of oxygenated and
poorly oxyg...

Hepatic (portal) Acinus




Zone1 (w/ thick black line in middle):


Region closest to portal triads




Zone 3: 2 regions at the ends of the hepatic acinus, closest to the central veins




Zone 2: region in between






Mix of oxygenated andpoorly oxygenated Blood comes in from Zone 1


-Blood then passes through sinusoids to zone 2, zone 3 and out the central vein.




Zone 1 sees highest amount of oxygen




Zone 1 also sees the most toxins




Zone 3 sees the least amount of oxygen




-Zone 1.




Hepatocytes can regenerate and proliferate

Macrophages roam in the sinusoid space are called?

Macrophages = Kupffer cells

Macrophages = Kupffer cells

-

Hepatocytes also have mitochondria and rough ER




What is between the hepatocytes and wall of endothelial cells?




Microvilli can go through here

Space
of Disse

Spaceof Disse

In the Space of Disse, what cells store Vitamin A and lipids?




Why is it bad to have when you have liver disease?

Ito Cell

-Bad to have when you have liver disease because they can differentiate into a fibroblast cell type and are responsible for causing fibrosis in liver (thickening/scarring of CT)

Ito Cell




-Bad to have when you have liver disease because they can differentiate into a fibroblast cell type and are responsible for causing fibrosis in liver (thickening/scarring of CT)

Hepatocytes dump bile into __ which eventually reach?




What is bile involved in?




It also is involved in secretion of lipids, cholesterol, bile salts, bilirubin, iron, and copper




-Bile canaliculi is lined by cholangiocytes


-Bile going from the hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi is an active process

Hepatocytes dump bile into bile canaliculi (ductile network) which eventually reach the bile duct

 Bile is involved in the absorption of fat

Hepatocytes dump bile into bile canaliculi (ductile network) which eventually reach the bile duct




Bile is involved in the absorption of fat

What is this structure?

What does it do?

What are 2 distinct characteristics of this structure?

What is this structure?




What does it do?




What are 2 distinct characteristics of this structure?







Gallbladder

-Small
pouch that holds bile 

*1. mucosal
folds are tortuous 

*2. huge
smooth muscle (muscularis)

Has a mucosa (epithelium-folds
and lamina propria) 

-Adventitia has loose connective tissue 
-has simple
squamous epithelial...

Gallbladder




-Smallpouch that holds bile




*1. mucosalfolds are tortuous




*2. hugesmooth muscle (muscularis)




Has a mucosa (epithelium-folds


and lamina propria)




-Adventitia has loose connective tissue


-has simplesquamous epithelial lining

What concentrates the bile in the gallbladder?




These cells are attached by?




What is pumped out into the basal lateral region in the intercellular spaces?




Where does it go from there?

Epithelial
cells in the mucosal folds of the gallbladder concentrate bile

Tight junctions

Salt
is
being pumped out into basal lateral region
in the intercellular spaces and
water follows
-large number of sodium pumps present

Both go out o...

Epithelialcells in the mucosal folds of the gallbladder concentrate bile




Tight junctions




Saltisbeing pumped out into basal lateral regionin the intercellular spaces andwater follows


-large number of sodium pumps present




Both go out of the cell and into the capillaries of the laminapropria


-therebyconcentrating the bile within the cell



What arises from overlying epithelium?




Which one is associated with ducts (secretory region which enters a duct system and end up in small intestine to perform their function)?




Which one is not associated with ducts? They make their hormones and pump them into surrounding vasculatures




This is also called the?

Exocrine
and endocrine glands  

-exocrine
glands in the pancreas

 -endocrine glands are not associated with ducts

-endocrine
portion of the pancreas are the Islets of
langerhans

Exocrineand endocrine glands




-exocrineglands in the pancreas




-endocrine glands are not associated with ducts




-endocrineportion of the pancreas are the Islets oflangerhans

The Pancreas is covered by?




What 3 things does it synthesize?

Pancreas is covered
by CT which enters the gland to divide it into lobules

1. digestive enzymes

2. bicarbonate-containing fluid
which neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach

3. hormones for the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism

Pancreas is coveredby CT which enters the gland to divide it into lobules




1. digestive enzymes




2. bicarbonate-containing fluid


which neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach




3. hormones for the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism

In the exocrine portion of a pancreatic lobule, there are groups of cells that form an __ which make?




This group of cells are polar meaning, the nuclei is found? And the the zymogen granules (which contain enzymes and are bright pink) are found?




Part of the intralobular duct is in the secretory cells (acinus) and is lined by?




What is the function of the above?




Digestive enzymes are dumped into the intercalated duct goes to the __ and then to the __ that goes into the __

Exocrine
pancreas: group of cells form acinus which make digestive enzymes

Have nuclei at the bottom and apex filled with zymogen granules

Epithelial cells called centroacinar cells 

Centroacinar cells make the bicarbonate
solution that n...

Exocrinepancreas: group of cells form acinus which make digestive enzymes




Have nuclei at the bottom and apex filled with zymogen granules




Epithelial cells called centroacinar cells




Centroacinar cells make the bicarbonatesolution that neutralizes pancreatic fluid going from the stomach to the smallintestine




Interlobular duct (outside the acinus) and then into the main pancreatic duct which goes into the duodenum



The pancreas is subdivided by CT which has blood vessels/lymphatics/ducts that carry exocrine secretions to the duodenum




Parotid vs Pancreas glands: both serous secreting glands


-How can you tell them apart?

Pancreas has Islets of Langerhans = Endocrine pancreas

Pancreas has Islets of Langerhans = Endocrine pancreas

Exocrine cells (acinus cells) are regulated by?




Centroacinar cells are regulated by?

Exocrine cells are regulated by cholecystokinin

Centroacinar cells are regulated by secretin

Exocrine cells are regulated by cholecystokinin




Centroacinar cells are regulated by secretin

What is the arrow pointing to?

What is the arrow pointing to?

Centroacinar cell

Centroacinar cell

Exocrinepancreatic cells are making digestive enzymes and bicarbonate fluid that entersintercalated duct (intralobular duct)




It enters bigger ducts thatlie between the lobules (interlobular ducts) then go into the main pancreaticduct and into the duodenum which are characterized by?

Characterized by brunner's glands

Characterized by brunner's glands

What is this structure?

It contains:

1. Beta cells that secrete __ which causes?

2. Alpha cells secrete __ which causes?

3. D cells secrete __ which causes?

4. PP cells secrete __ which causes?

What is this structure?




It contains:




1. Beta cells that secrete __ which causes?




2. Alpha cells secrete __ which causes?




3. D cells secrete __ which causes?




4. PP cells secrete __ which causes?

Islets of langerhans are highly vascular with capillaries where hormones are secreted




1. Betacells –> Insulin


–Causes decrease of blood glucose and coverts it to glycogen (liver, skeletal muscle & fat cells)




2. Alphacells –> glucagon


-Causes increase of blood glucose by glycogenbreakdown (liver, release of glucose)




3. D-cells –> Somatostatin


-Causes inhibition of insulin & glucagon secretion (inhibits alpha and beta cells)




4. PPcells –> pancreatic polypeptide


-Causes inhibition of enzyme & bicarbonate release

Numerous __ capillaries lie within the islets




__ capillaries occuramong the pancreatic acini.

Numerous fenestrated capillaries

 lie within the islets

Non-fenestrated capillaries 

occur
among the pancreatic acini

Numerous fenestrated capillaries lie within the islets




Non-fenestrated capillaries occuramong the pancreatic acini

What is a marker of pancreatic cancer?




It secretes growth factors, hemokines, cytokines, etc. It changes the extracellular matrix and becomes like a fibroblast




-it is able to travel through the extra cellular matrix

Stellate Cell