Liver, Gallbladder And Pancreas

Front 1

What is the largest gland associated w/ the digestive system?

Back 1

liver

Front 2

What type of gland is the liver?

Back 2

endocrine and exocrine

Front 3

Describe the liver's morphology.

Back 3

-subdivided into lobes
-invested in a CT CAPSULE, composed of fine elastic CT; this layer is covered by serosa

Front 4

The inferior of the liver is subdivided into hepatic lobules, what do these represent?

Back 4

The STRUCTURAL UNITS of the liver

Hint 4

The hepatic lobules are centered around the smallest branches of the hepatic vein; hence their name

Front 5

What separates the lobules from one another?

Back 5

SEPTAE

Hint 5

not clearly defined in man

Front 6

What are the two main consituents of the lobules?

Back 6

Hepatocytes and sinusoids

Front 7

What is the bulk of the liver's lobule composed of?

Back 7

a parenchyma of epithelial cells called HEPATOCYTES

Front 8

What performs most of the functions of the liver?

Back 8

hepatocytes

Front 9

How are hepatocytes arranged?

Back 9

In plates that are one cell thick

Front 10

Describe the plate configuration of hepatocytes?

Back 10

Have the appearance of spokes in a wheel; they radiate out from the center of the lobule.

Front 11

How many nuclei do hepatocytes have?

Back 11

usually 2

Front 12

What lies at the center of the lobule?

Back 12

central vein

Front 13

What is the central vein?

Back 13

The smallest tributary of the hepatic vein lying in the center of the lobule.

Front 14

What is the second cell type contributing to the lobule?

Back 14

Sinusoids

Hint 14

A system of blood channels

Front 15

What provides blood to the liver?

Back 15

Hepatic portal system

Hint 15

The liver is the terminus of the hepatic portal system

Front 16

What vessel does the liver derive its ability to perform most of its functions?

Back 16

portal vein

Front 17

Where does this vessel enter the lobule?

Back 17

porta hepatis

Front 18

The portal vein carries blood to the liver from where?

Back 18

spleen and digestive tract

Front 19

What vessel accompanies the portal vein?

Back 19

proper hepatic artery

Front 20

What key substance does the proper hepatic artery provide the cells of the liver?

Back 20

oxygen

Front 21

Describe the branching of the liver's two main vessels.

Back 21

They divide into INTERLOBAR branches which follow the ct between the lobes and then into INTERLOBULAR which follow the sparse ct between the lobules.

Front 22

What comprises the hepatic triad?

Back 22

Hepatic a, portal v, bile duct

Front 23

What other type of vessel associate with the hepatic triad?

Back 23

lymphatic vessels

Hint 23

carry foluminous lymph produced in the liver to the general circulation

Front 24

What do the triad, lymphatic vessels and surrounding ct form?

Back 24

porta canal

Front 25

Describe each component of the porta canal.

Back 25

-portal vein - a large, thin-walled vessel engorged with blood
- the hepatic a - smaller with a thicker wall
- bile duct - cuboidal epithelium
- lymphatic vessels - irrecular clear spaces lined by endothelial cells

Front 26

Describe what a terminal vessel is and how blood flows from the terminal vessel to the sinusoids.

Back 26

Terminal vessels of the portal vein and hepatic artery (terminals of the interlobular vessels) branch at right angles to the portal canal and course in the margins between adjacent lobules. Blood flows from these branches into the sinusoids.

Front 27

What type of epithelium are the hepatic sinusoids lined with?

Back 27

discontinuous epithelium

Front 28

How are the sinusoids distinguished?

Back 28

Large FENESTRATIONS and large GAPS between neighboring cells. Incomplete basal lamina and absent in some locations.

Front 29

What are the fixed macrophages considered part of the sinusoid lining?

Back 29

Kupffer cells

Front 30

What system do Kupffer cells belong to?

Back 30

Mononuclear phagocyte system

Front 31

What is the function of Kupffer cells?

Back 31

To remove old rbcs from the circulation

Front 32

What separates the sinusoidal lining from the plates of hepatocytes?

Back 32

space of Disse

Front 33

How is the exchange of substances between the hepatocytes and plasma improved?

Back 33

Microvilli extend from hepatocytes into the space of Disse providing an expanded surface area

Front 34

What is the specialized cell located in the space of Disse? What's its function?

Back 34

Hepatic stellate cell; stores vitamin A in cytoplasmic lipid droplets.

Front 35

What is the direction of blood flow in the lobule? Is it oxygenated or not?

Back 35

Blood flows in the sinusoids is from the periphery to the center of the hepatic lobule. Since blood branches from both the hepatic artery and portal vein, blood is oxygenated and venous.

Front 36

Where do all the sinusoids drain in the lobule?

Back 36

central vein

Hint 36

first tributary of the hepatic veins draining the liver

Front 37

Describe the formation of hepatic veins.

Back 37

Central veins form sublobular veins which unite to form hepatic veins

Front 38

Does the venous drainage course through the triad?

Back 38

No, it's independent of the triad; therefore hepatic veins are seen in sections of solitary vessels

Front 39

What constitues the exocrine secretion of the liver?

Back 39

Bile

Front 40

What type of cells make bile?

Back 40

hepatocytes

Front 41

What is the bile secreted into?

Back 41

small canals, bile canaliculi

Hint 41

they do not have walls of their own; are formed by the plasma membranes of adjacent hepatocytes

Front 42

What borders the canaliculi?

Back 42

microvilli (project into the lumen)

Front 43

In what direction does bile flow?

Back 43

toward the portal triads (opposite of the sinusoidal blood flow)