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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5 evolutionary forces:
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Gene flow
Genetic drift Natural Selection Mutation Nonrandom mating |
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3 three necessary and sufficient for evolution by natural selection:
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Phenotypic variation
Heritable Affects fitness |
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3 types of natural selection:
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Direction selection
Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection |
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4 factors preventing “perfect” organisms resulting from natural selection:
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Other evolutionary forces
Environment is changing – moving target Trade-offs are inevitable Historical/phylogenetic constraints |
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4(5) ecological factors determining presence/distribution of organisms:
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Dispersal
Intrinsic factors Biotic interactions Abiotic factors Evolution |
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3 modes of dispersal
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Diffusion
Jump Dispersal Secular dispersal – diffusion+evolution |
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3 Strategies for surviving environmental stress:
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Avoid – individual experiences, cells do not (warm blooded)
Resist – Individual and cells experience, but survive (hardening) Escape – Individual does not experience stress (migration) |
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4 experiments to determine whether a predator is limiting distribution:
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Transplant – Prey must die
Protected transplant – Prey must survive Prove predator is capable of killing prey Catch predator red handed |
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2 ways to prove a hypothesis true
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Demonstrate all necessary conditions are met
Demonstrate all other possible hypotheses are false |
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4 strategies for controlling pests:
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Natural control – stop killing natural predators
Chemical control – Cultura control – intercropping, etc Biological control – introduce a predator |
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5 properties of a successful biological control agent
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host specific
synchronous with pest high intrinsic rate of increase able to survive when prey are scarce great searching ability |
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5 types of predation
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Herbivores
Carnivores Parasitoid Parasites Cannibalism |
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4 possible outcomes of predator prey interaction
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Stable equilibrium
Stable oscillations Convergent (damped) oscillations Divergent oscillations (chaos) |
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4 ways a predator can limit prey
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numerical response – more predators
Functional response – Switching to abundant prey Aggregative response – gather where the prey is Developmental response – get bigger/eat more |
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3 ways plants thrive in a world full of herbivores
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Herbivores self regulate below k
Predators or parasites hold herbivores below k The world is brown and spiny |
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Three types of plant defenses
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Structural (bark, thorns)
Qualitative chemical defense – low concentration, cheap to make Quantitative chemical defense – less nutritious, hard to eat, tannins (oak) |
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3 stochastic factors contributing to population loss
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Demographic – random variation in birth and death rates
Genetic – loss of variation from inbreeding, drift Environmental – catastrophes, weather, etc |
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4 deterministic causes of extinction
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Overkill/overharvest
Habitat destruction/fragmentation Introduced species Chains of extinctions |
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4 models of succession
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Facilitation – early species increase resources
Inhibition – Replaced randomly Tolerance – early species decrease resources Random – null model |
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5 features according to Simpson
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North-south gradient
East-west trends Topographic relief Peninsular lows Fronts of abrupt change |
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6 theories affecting biodiversity (according to Wilson)
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Time
Area Biotic Interactions Hostile environment Productivity Disturbance – Intermediate best |
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3 ways to be rare
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small geographic range (dwarf trout lily)
low number of individuals (bald eagle, huge range, few individuals) narrow habitat requirements (leedy’s roseroot, only in MN and upstate NY) |
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Ecology def
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Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms
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HSS model
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Carnivores (limited by competition)
Herbivores (limited by predation) Plants (limited by competition) |
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Meyer-sutherland model
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Harsh environment – plants – competition
Normal environment – herbivores – competition, plants – predation Benign environment – HSS model |
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r
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Intrinsic rate of increase (little r)
Calculated by ln(R0) |