List 3 - Church History - Imperial Church

Front 1

List the wrong beliefs in the Trinitarian Controversy

Back 1

Adoptionism Sabellianism Arianism Semi-arianism Macedonianism

Front 2

What is Adoptionism?

Back 2

Jesus became Christ at baptism (aka dynamic monarchianism)

Front 3

What is Sabellianism?

Back 3

God reveals himself in three ways (modalism, Patripassianism)

Front 4

What is Arianism?

Back 4

Christ is the first created being

Front 5

What is Semi-arianism?

Back 5

Christ of similar substance with the Father but subordinate

Front 6

What is Macedonianism?

Back 6

The Holy Spirit created being

Front 7

List the Christological controveries? Describe each

Back 7

APOLLINARIANISM – Christ had no human spirit. The Logosreplaced itNESTORIANISM – Christ the God-bearer because of the indwelling LogosEUTYCHIANISM – The human nature absorbed by the LogosMONOPHYSITISM – Christ had one natureMONTHELITISM – Christ had no human will

Front 8

What were two other controveries?

Back 8

The Donatist Controversy – salvation and the Church The Pelagian Controversy – the nature of man

Front 9

Look at the timeline of Heresy

Back 9

Slides

Front 10

Who were the champions that responded to heresy?

Back 10

AthanasiusThe three Cappadocians – Basil, Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory NazianzusAugustine

Front 11

What two creeds were statements of orthodoxy?

Back 11

The Apostles CreedNicene Creed

Front 12

List four important councils?

Back 12

Nicea – 325Constantinople – 381Ephesus – 431Chalcedon – 451

Front 13

Describe details of the Arian Controversy

Back 13

4th century heresy centered in Alexandriabetween Arius and Alexander the bishopWas the Logos the preeternal Son divine or was he the Son and servant of God but not very God of very GodLater radical Arians (Aetius and Eunomius) held that Jesus was ετεροουσιας'Eusebius led a third party – Christ was ομοιουσις (similar substance) (Semi-arianism)The condemnation of ArianismFirst at Nicea in 325 (esp. in the West) Finally at Constantinople (381)Defender of orthodoxy - Athanasius'

Front 14

List all the ecumenical councils

Back 14

1. Nicea (325)2. Constantinople I (381)3. Ephesus (431)4. Chalcedon (451)5. Constantinople II (553)6. Constantinople III (681)7. Nicea II (787)8. Constantinople IV (869)9. 1st Lateran (1123)13. 1st Lyons (1245) 14. 2nd Lyons (1274) 15. Vienne (1313) 16. Constance (1418) 17. Basel (1439)18. 5th Lateran (1517) 19. Trent (1545-63) 20. Vatican I (1869-70)

Front 15

What took place at the Council of Nicea?

Back 15

1st of the great ecumenical councils; summoned by Constantine on the occasion of his 20th anniversary of his reignPresided over by Hosius of Cordoba, Alexander of Alexandria with Eustathius of Antioch. Athanasius was a deacon who attendedThe Creed, canons and a synodial letter are all that is extant. Athanasius suggested 318 bishops attended (modern scholars, at most 250). All but 8 from the EastConstantine later resisted it Council’s viewsPronounced against Arianism and resolved the Quartodeciman Controversy (date for Easter – Sunday or 14th of Nisan regardless of day of week)

Front 16

When was the council of Nicea?

Back 16

325

Front 17

What is Pneumatomachianism?

Back 17

“fighters against the Holy Spirit”Pejorative term coined by the Cappadocian Fathers to describe those bishops who resisted the hypostatic deity of the Holy SpiritMore than 30 present at Council of Constantinople (381)Alternately called Macedonians, after their leader Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, who had been deposed in 360 in an Arian synodMacedonius held a omoiousiV view on both the Son and the SpiritThe Cappadocians respond – Basil On the Holy Spirit

Front 18

What major contributions did The Cappadocian Fathers have on Christianity?

Back 18

Provided leadership for the Nicene party after the death of AthanasiusChampioned omoousioV view of ChristGregory Nazianzus especially important in formulation of later orthodox doctrine of the TrinityThe pattern for later Eastern monasticism; c. 358 they founded a small monastic community in Pontus, selling most of the worldly goods

Front 19

What is Apollinarianism?

Back 19

Named for Apollinarius of Laodicea (c. 315-392) originally a defender of Nicene orthodoxyArians argued that if the Logos entered into a human life, he would be limited and passible. Against Arianism, Apollinarus argued that the Logos was a direct incarnation, but that the Word remained unchanged and immortal, even as incarnate, because it adopted a human body but not a human personPosition ultimately condemned at the Council of Constantinople (381) and in the writing esp of Gregory of Nazianzus

Front 20

What is Nestorianism?

Back 20

Named for Nestorius, monk of Antioch, disciple of Theodore of Mopsuestia; consecrated archbishop of Constantinople (428) Attempted to impose his Syrian views on his people, within three yrs. creating a large Christological controversy Cyril of Alexandria a principle antagonist attempted to censure him at Council of Ephesus (431), arranged by Emperor Theodosius II Presided over by Cyril of Alexandria Purpose – to deal with conflict between Cyril and Nestorius The questions Was the mother of God or the mother of Christ or Jesus? (theotokos) How could God be bound in swaddling clothes or die on the Cross? The whole issue focused on the nature of the incarnation -

Front 21

Describe the council of Ephesus?

Back 21

When Cyril arrived, he took charged, before the Syrians came. His views prevailed until the Syrians arrived who sided with Nestorius and he was deposedThis produced a long stalemate with both sides appealing to the emperor, who eventually sided with CyrilNestorius and his teaching anathematized and he was sent into exile into Syria. Eventually he was sent to the Great Oasis of Upper Egypt the most remote penal colony in the ancient worldViewsJesus had two distinct centers of operation – divine and human which were never confused; the word of God the subject of the divine acts, the man Jesus the subject of the human actsRejected the notion of Mary as qeotokoV “Mother of God”.Many identified him with Paul of SamosataOne question left unanswered – Was Christ a single union out of two natures (Cyril) or was he a single person with two natures (Rome and Syria)?

Front 22

What is Eutychianism?

Back 22

the human nature absorbed by the Logos Eutyches (c. 378-454) – head of a monastery at Constantinople Opposed Flavian, his archbishop supported by Pope Leo I Vindicated at 2nd Council of Ephesus (449) but later condemned at Council of Chalcedon (451) “His heresy is best understood as an attempt to argue a vision of incarnate unity so thoroughly absorbs the humanity of Jesus that he is not so much ‘God and man’ but ‘deified man’; fully God, certainly, but human only in a way that has transcended anything that we think of as normal humanity, and thus human only in a qualified sense.”

Front 23

What was the Council of Chalcedon? Date?

Back 23

451, Called by Emperor Marcian and wife PulcheriaMajor players included Leo I and EutychesAn attempt to reconcile a divided church, in many ways it only exacerbated the problemImportant statement – “And so, following the holy father we confess one and the same our Lord Jesus Christ, and all teach as one that the same is perfect in Godhead, the same in perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man; the same of a reasonable soul and body; consubstantial the Father in Godhead and the same consubstantial with us in manhood; like us in all things except sin; begotten before the ages of the father in the Godhead; the same one in these last days, and our salvation, born of Mary the Virgin Theotokos in the manhood one and the same Christ, Son Lord, unique; recognized in two natures, unconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably; the difference of natures by no means taken away because of the union but rather the distinctive character of each nature being preserved, combining in one person and hypostasis; not divided or separated into two persons”

Front 24

What is Monophysitism?

Back 24

Christ possessed one nature not twoChalcedon Christology – two natures harmonized without confusion or separation in one personIt undervalued the humanity of Christ out of misguided piety Articulators include Severus of Antioch (c. 465-538) – if one believed in two natures after the union at the incarnation, then in what sense was the incarnation a union?

Front 25

What is Monothelitism?

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Christ had only one willSettled at the Council of Constantinople (6th ecumenical) 680-81

Front 26

Briefly describe the four views of the Pelagian controversy?

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Pelagianism – Man is born essentially good and capable of doing what is necessary for salvationAugustinianism – Man is born in sin; salvation is totally of grace, which is given only to the electSemi-pelagianism – God and man work together to effect man’s salvationSemi-augustianism – Grace comes to all, all are enabled to choose and perform what is necessary for salvation

Front 27

What were the four early stages to monasticism?

Back 27

In the East – Anthony (ca. 251-ca. 356) Founder of monasticism Athanasius Life of Anthony At 20 he sold all possessions, gave the proceeds to the poor and went and lived in a cave in Egypt to meditate Others attracted to him, though he never organized them into a following Simon the Stylite (ca. 390-459) Buried in the ground up to his neck for months Went on to become a pole sitter where he spent 30+ yrs on a 65’ pole near Antioch Communal monasticism – cenobite monasticism appeared in Egypt Pachiminus (ca. 290-346) lived as a hermit and organized a community In the west - Benedict of Nursia