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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three Contributions to the Apostolic Church?
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1. Greek - Intellectual 2. Roman - Civil 3. Jewish - Religious |
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First king of note in Roman Empire?
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Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
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1st Punic War
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Sicily appeals to both Rome and Carthage to settle internal disputes; Carthage is a naval power; Rome has no navy at this time; in four years, Rome goes from no navy to becoming a naval power
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2nd Punic War
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the Hannabilic Wars results in Carthage basically defeated by Rome; notes for Hanninal’s use of elephants
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3rd Punic War
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resulted in the razing of Carthage and Rome’s annexation of much of North Africa. This will set the stage for the expansion of Christianity into North Africa 200 years later
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Roman contributions to Christianity
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Stable civil government with “universal” law “World-wide” military presence – the Pax Romana System of roads made transportation easy Citizenship made travel easy
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Three Greek philosophers?
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Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
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What is Stoicism?
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“The stoic doctrine is divided into three parts: logic, physics, and ethics. Stoicism is essentially a system of ethics which, however, is guided by a logic as theory of method, and rests upon physics as foundation.” “Their notion of morality is stern, involving a life in accordance with nature and controlled by virtue. It is an ascetic system, teaching perfect indifference (apathea) to everything external, for nothing external could be either good or evil.”
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Who were the main teachers of Stoicism?
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Zeno, Cleanthes, or Chrysippus
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What were two Greek philosophies post NT era?
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Epicureanism and Neoplatonism
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Two Greek religions?
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Emporer Worship and Mystery Religions
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List the four mystery religions?
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Dionysus – (Bacchus) fertility god of wine and harvest; sensualIsis – the goddess of heavenCybele – magna mater Mithras – popular among Roman soldiers and sailors
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What were the four Jewish contributions?
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Monotheism - someone to worshipMessianic Hope - something to expectEthical System - something to doThe Jewish Scriptures - something to study
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Where did the early church meet for worship initially? Where next?
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Synagoges and then, homes
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What were the elements of the form of worship in the apostolic church?
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The table, Scripture reading, Exhortation, Teaching, Singing and Prayer
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Church government of the apostolic church?
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Autonomous churches, lead by pastors, elders, deacons, deaconesses
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Describe the nature of apostolic churches?
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SimpleEvangelistic Missionary
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What were some challenges to the post-apostolic church?
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From WithinFalse doctrine / heresy – GnosticismFalse practices – Troubles with other religions Troubles with Rome
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What is Ebionism?
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Heresy in Palestine in late 1st century, spread to Asia Minor - Ebionism is the incorrect theological view that Jesus was not divine but merely an ordinary man.Name derives from a Greek transliteration of an Aramaic word for “poor ones”Mentioned in Irenaeus, Origen, Tertullian, HippolytusPopular among Jewish Christians Teaching
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What did Ebonism teach?
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According to Irenaeus, they considered Paul an apostate Jew for separating Christianity from the TorahUniversality of the Mosaic lawAccepted only the Gospel of MatthewJesus the Messiah, prophetic but human, only a man; rejected his virgin birthMillenarian hope
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Who were the leaders of Gnosticism?
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Cerinthus 1st centuryMarcion (d. c. 160 AD)Valentinus (d. c. 160 AD) Tatian (110-172)
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What was the background of Gnosticism?
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Rooted in pagan philosophy, esp. Platonism Flavored by Oriental mysticismElitist in appealEmpire-wide in influenceDiverse in worshipForced Church to define canon and rules of faithForced Church to emphasize apostolic succession as guardians of truth
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What did Gnosticism teach?
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Possessors of a unique gnosisThey were spirit – others soul and body ! DualisticRejected OT and JudiasmAllegorical interp.Matter is evilOT god the demiurge (Jehovah)Christ’s body an illusion
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What is Montanism?
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AsceticChiliastic; expected an imminent Millennium Practiced glossilaliaGenerally orthodox in doctrineThey were the spiritual, other carnalContinued prophetic revelation Sought martyrdom
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Who were the leaders of Montanism?
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Montanus 2nd centuryTertullian(c.160-c.220); Originated in Phrygia and Spread to North Africa
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What is Manichaeism?
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Similar to Gnosticism with which it was sometimes confusedPostulated a great cosmic conflict between light and darkness, good and evilReligion a matter of releasing inward divinity through acts of asceticismSexual abstinence a requirement
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Who was the main leader of Manichaeism?
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Mani (215-277)
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Who was the most famous follower of Manichaeism?
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Augustine
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Where did Manichaeism find its background?
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Mani brought up in strict Judeo-Christian homeHe was influenced by Persian religions including Gnosticism, Buddhism, ZoroastrismBegan having religious visions at 12, he spoke of a heavenly twin who enlightened himHe became a wandering teacher and philosopher, returning to Persia’s capital with a following in 242Initially had the support of the emperor Sapor I but his successor Bahram I had him arrested, flayed alive and his skin stuffed to deter his followers
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List the four causes of persecution?
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Political, Social, Religious, and Economic
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What were the political issues with early Christianity?
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Judaism a religio licitia; early Christianity closely associatedWith the breach came suspicion; suspicion confirmed by another sovereign – Jesus ChristChristians disloyal – Christians would not offer incense; held meeting in “secret”Christians would not serve in the military
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Religious factors in persecution?
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Rome served a pantheon of deity, Christians only oneSecret meeting brought charges of ethical misconduct – incest (kiss of peace), immorality, cannibalism (eating “body” of Christ)
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How did social status cause persecution?
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Christians opposed “classes”, especially slaveryRighteous living brought societal conviction and opposition
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What part did economics play in persecution?
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Change of belief brought a change of behavior;e.g. Diana worship of Acts 19:27 curtailedCalamities (famine, war, drought, pestilence) blamed on Christians – they were angering the gods
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How did persecution progress?
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Apostolic church – sporadic100-250 sporadic; Christianity banned250-311 “universal,” empire-wide
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Three fruits of persecution?
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Expansion, Internal problems, Catalyst for Apologetics
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Describe the expansion of Christianity?
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(Tertullian – “the blood of the martyr is the seed of the Church) Asia Minor in ActsBy 200, Christianity spread through entire empireBy 300, 5-15 % of empire “Christians” or 50 – 75 million
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Two internal problems in the church because of persecution?
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Negative – What to do with the lapsi (those who recanted) and the traditores (those who surrendered the Scriptures)Positive – What Scriptures were worth dying for? Persecution facilitated preservation & canonization
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List the Roman emperors during the NT/Apostolic Era?
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Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD)Tiberius (14-37 AD)Caligula (37-41 AD)Claudius (41-54 AD) Jews expelled from RomeNero (54-68 AD) Peter and PaulDomitian (81-96 AD) John on Patmos / Clement of Rome
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How did James die?
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the only one certain Acts 12:2 (Herod Agrippa, 44 AD)
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How did Peter die?
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crucified upside down in Rome under Nero
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How did John die?
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exiled to Patmos
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How did Andrew die?
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possibly reached Scythia, Asia Minor and Greece; crucified at Patras in Achaia (possibly on an X-shaped cross)
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How did Philip die?
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crucified in Hierapolis
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How did Matthew die?
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death unknown
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How did Thomas die?
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martyred in India
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How did Bartholomew die?
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martyred in Armenia
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How did James son of Alpheaus, aka the Less die?
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death unknown
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How did Thaddaeus die?
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death unknown; possibly labored / martyred in Persia
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How did Simon the zealot die?
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death unknown; possibly crucifixion
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How did Paul die?
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Widespread belief he was beheaded under the Nero’s persecution (Eusebius, Jerome, et al).
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List the strengths and weaknesses?
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Weaknesseswritings contain speculation and error, especially in chronologyshows a high regards for the ancient sources, many of which the church library possessed and he quoted in large part in the History, however the sources are often mutilated in some form (misquotation, truncation, or even forged)ValuesA wealth of information on the early church (must be used discerningly) The Ancient Church1st attempt at a comprehensive church history
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