Lipids

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the major lipids of the body

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triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids

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the source of triglycerides in the body can either be exogenous( ) or endogenous ( )

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dietary or primarily hepatic (liver)

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( ) and ( ) promote triglyceride breakdown when the cells need energy and glucose stores have been depleted

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Epinephrine and cortisol

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( ) is used for the manufacture and repair of cell membrane, for synthesis of bile acids and vitamin D, and is the precursor of five major classes of steroid hormones

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Cholesterol

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normal cholesterol

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140-200 mg/dL

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---- and ---- are used to measure fetal lung maturity

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Lecithins and Sphingomyelin

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The four major classes of lipoproteins separaTED BY ULTRACENTRIFUGATION ARE

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CHYLOMICRONS, VLDL, LDL, AND HDL

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----- ARE THE LARGEST LIPOPROTEINS PARTICLES WITH DIAMETERS RANGING FORM 80 NM-1200 NM. THEY ARE THE MAJOR CARRIERS OF EXOGENOUS TRIGLYCERIDES

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CHYLOMICRONS

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MAJOR STUCTURAL PROTEIN IN HDL

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APO A-1

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MAJOR STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IN VLDL AND LDL

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APO B-100

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A CREAMY LAYER RISING TO THE TOP OF A FASTING SERUM SPECIMEN THAT HAS BEEN COOLED OVERNIGHT INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF CHYLOMICRONS & SIGNALS A DEFECT IN THEIR CLEARANCE

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STANDING PLASMA TEST

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MAJOR CARRIERS OF ENDOGENOUS(LIVER) TRIGLYCERIDES

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VLDL

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EXCESS DIETARY INTAKE OF CARBS ENHANCES HEPATIC SYNTHESIS OF TRIGLYCERIDES, WHICH IN TURN INCREASES
---- PRODUCTION

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VLDL

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--- TAKES EXCESS CHOLESTEROL FROM THE TISSUES & RETURN IT TO THE LIVER (REVERSE TRANSPORT)

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HDL

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CARRIES CHOLESTEROL TO THE TISSUES

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LDL

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THE CURRENT REFERENCE METHOD FOR CHOLESTEROL USES ------ EXTRACTION AFTER HYDROLYSIS W/ ALCOHOLIC --- FOLLOWED BY REACTION WITH ---------- -------- COLOR REAGENT

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HEXANE KOH


LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD

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MEASUREMENT OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN CONJUNCTION W/ CHOLESTEROL IS USEFUL IN DETECTING CERTAIN GENETIC AND OTHER
--------- ---------

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METABOLIC DISORDERS

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FETAL LUNG MATURITY HAS BEEN EVALUATED FROM CHAR. PATTERNS OF ------------ IN AMNIOTIC FLUID

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PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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------- GEL HAS BEEN THE MOST COOMON MEDIUM FOR SEPARATION OF INTACT LIPOPROTEINS

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AGAROSE

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--( ) CAN BE MEASURED AS AN INDEPENDENT INDICATOR OF --- RISK

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CHD

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-------------- GEL IS THE MEDIA USED FOR SEPARATION OF LIPOPROTEIN

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POLYACRYLAMIDE

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SEPARATION METHODS INVOLVING CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION, PRECIPITATES OUT ---- & --- TO MEASURE ---

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VLDL& LDL HDL

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THE NCEP GUIDELINES NOW INCLUDE --- CHOLESTEROL IN THE FIRST MEDICAL WORKUP

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HDL

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THE EARLIEST COMMON PRECIPITATION METHOD USED ------- IN COMBO W/ --------- TO PRECIPITATE THE APO B- CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS

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HEPARIN MANGANESE

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THE CURRENT CHEMICALS USED TO PRECIPITATE OUT APO B- CONTAINING LIPO. IS ------- -------

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DEXTRAN SULFATE

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A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM WITH HDL PRECIPITATION METHODS IS INTERFERENCE FROM ELEVATED ------------ LEVELS, WHICH PREVENTS SEDIMENTATION OF THE PRECIPITATE.

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TRIGLYCERIDE

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WHEN THE TRIGLYCERIDE RICH VLDL & CHYLOMICRONS ARE PRESENT, THE LOW DENSITY OF LIPOPROTEINS MAY PREVENT THEM FROM ----------- OR MAY EVEN CAUSE -------- DURING CENTRIFUGATION

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SEDIMENTATING FLOATING

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THE PROVEN ATHEROGENIC LIPOPROTEIN IS THE PRIMARY BASIS FOR TREATMENT DECISIONS IN THE NCEP CLINICAL GUIDELINES IS --- -----------

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LDL CHOLESTEROL

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GOOD CHOLESTEROL

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HDL

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BAD CHOLESTEROL

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LDL

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A SIMPLER TECHNIQUE FOR LDL CHOLESTEROL QUANTITATION THAT IS COMMON IN BOTH ROUTINE AND RESEARCH LAB. & THAT BYPASSES ULTRACENTRIFUGATION IS THE SO CALLED ---------- ----------- OR DERIVED BETA-QUANTIFICATION

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FRIEDEWALD CALCULATION

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HIGHER VALUES OF FAT IN STOOL AND URINE CAN INDICATE THE PRESCENCE OF ------------- IN CHILDREN AND --------- INSUFFICIENCY IN ADULTS

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MALABSORPTION PANCREATIC

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CHOLESTEROL LEVELS ARE AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS THAT CAN BE CATERGORIZED INTO --------,--------, AND -------- SOURCES

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BIOLOGIC, CLINICAL ,AND SAMPLING

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women generally have higher levels of --- cholesterol and lower levels of ----- cholesterol and ------------- than men due to higher estrogen levels

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hdl total triglycerides

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EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE INCIDENCE OF HEART DISEASE IS SRTONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ----- ----------- -------------

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SERUM CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATION

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NORMALS FOR TRIGLYCERIDES

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67-157 MG/DL

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DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL LIPID CONCENTRATIONS ARE REFERRED TO AS ------------

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DYSLIPIDEMIA

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-------------------- IS THE LIPID ABNORMALITY MOST CLOSELY LINKED TO HEART DISEASE

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HYPERCHOLESTERLEMIA

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LIPID REFERENCE METHOD

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ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

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PRIMARY FORM OF LIPID STORAGE

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TRIGLYCERIDES

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HARDENING OF ARTERIES

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ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

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NEEDED FOR CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND MAKES HORMONES

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CHOLESTEROL

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LDL CALCULATIONS

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total chol-(hdl chol.-plasma tg)
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