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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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?
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Shell wildcard exactly one character
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*
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shell wildcard matches any group of 0 or more characters
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acpi
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Shows information from the /proc filesystem, such as battery status or thermal information
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adduser user group
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command to add user to a group
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& after command
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To start a program directly in background mode so that it doesn't lock your terminal
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alpine
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Alpine Linux is an independent, non-commercial, general purpose Linux distribution designed for power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency.
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alt-F2
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to bring up a run command prompt in kde
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Alt-F7
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Switch back to X window from terminal
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anacron
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can be used to execute commands periodically, with a frequency
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apmd
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an monitoring daemon for the Advanced Power Management subsystem
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apt-get
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The apt-get utility is a package management program. Works with Ubuntu’s Advanced Packaging Tool library. Performs installation, removal, upgrade of new software packages. Also can upgrade entire operating system.
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aptitude
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is now the recommended utility for package management
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aptitude dist-upgrade
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intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and it will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the expense of less important ones if necessary.
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aptitude upgrade
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upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new versions available are retrieved and upgraded
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apt-spy
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creates sources.list automatically, based on latency and bandwidth
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arp
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to check a network card and get the address quick (not always IP)
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cat /proc/cpuinfo
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to get info on the cpu
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cat /proc/version
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Linux version and other info
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cd
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Change directory to the current user's home directory
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cd /
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go to root directory (not root's home)
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cd ..
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Change directory to the parent directory
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cd ~foo
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Change directory to the home directory of the user foo
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cd /foo/foo
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go to /foo/foo directory
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cd /home
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command to change current dir to /home
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cd /home
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enter to directory '/home'
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cfdisk
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ncurse partitioning tool
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clear
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cmd to empty terminal window
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>cmd --help
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to get help with a command
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commandname --help OR -h
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brief help for command
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configure-debian
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central configuration program for packages using debconf
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cp lorem.txt copy_of_lorem.txt
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cmd to copy a file
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cream
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gui for vim
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cron
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time-based job scheduler
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crontab
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list of commands that you want to run on a regular schedule, and also the name of the command used to manage that list. crontab stands for "cron table,"
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Ctrl-Alt-Del
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key combination to shutdown computer
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Ctrl-Alt-F1
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To switch to a virtual terminal
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Ctrl-Alt-F1..F6
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switch to console mode
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Ctrl-Alt-F1 through F6
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Switch to other pseudo-terminals
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Ctrl-Alt-F7
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switch to desktop mode
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Ctrl-C
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Terminate a running program
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Ctrl-D
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exit shell
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Ctrl-H or backspace
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Erase a character before cursor
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Ctrl-U
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Erase line before cursor
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date
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command for date and time
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df
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cmd to find out disk space
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df -h
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outputs the disk free in a more user-friendly readable format
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DHCP
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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dir
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cmd to display directory contents
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dmesg
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Diagnostics and troubleshooting - give us details about hardware drivers connected to, disconnected from a machine and any errors when hardware driver is loaded into the kernel.
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dpkg --configure -a
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configures all partially installed packages
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dpkg --configure -a
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configures all partially installed packages
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dpkg -i
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used to install .deb pkg, as in #dpkg -i fetchmail_6.2.5-4_i386.deb
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dpkg -i package.deb
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To view versions of all installed packages
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dpkg-reconfigure
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reconfigure an already installed package
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dpkg-reconfigure --all
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reconfigure all packages
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du -h /bin
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cmd Estimate file space usage
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/etc/
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the place for the system wide configuration files
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/etc/apt
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has the apt configuration folders and files
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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debian list of repositories, used by apt, aptitude
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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file where list of repositories is kept, for apt
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/etc/init.d/networking start
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command to start the networking service
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/etc/init.d/networking stop
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command to stop the networking services
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/etc/network/interfaces
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location of network settings, config
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/etc/network/interfaces
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This file describes the network interfaces available on your systemand how to activate them
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exit
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Close shell. If this is your login shell, you will log out
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fbpanel
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simple, lightweight panel good for openbox, etc.
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find hello*
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cmd Search for files in a directory hierarchy
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finger
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to see who's on the system
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finger username
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to see a users info who's on the system
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FOSS
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free and open source
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free
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Display amount of free and used memory in the system
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free
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shows memory, swap, buffers
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gdm
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gnome's graphical login daemon
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gnome-system-log
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gnome app to display log files
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gparted
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gui partition tool
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grep
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search with files?
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groups
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Outputs the user groups of which your account belongs to
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groups
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command to see what groups you belong to
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--help
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typing a command followed by _____ will usually display a short summary of the command's usage
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history
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in shell command for the BASH environment that shows the last run commands
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/home/
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the directory which contains all the home directories for all non-privileged users
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hostname
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Outputs the machines hostname on the network
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htop
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top with more features
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id
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id tells you what user you are and what group you are in
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id username
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Print user id (uid) and his/her group id (gid), effective id (if different than the real id) and the supplementary groups
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ifconfig
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command allows the operating system to setup network interfaces and allow the user to view information about the configured network interfaces
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ifconfig [network device] down
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command to bring a net interface down
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ifdown eth0
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to bring down eth0
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ifup eth0
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to bring up eth0
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iotop
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app to monitor hard disk read/write
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ips
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an intelligent ps-like program which displays process status
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iwconfig
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command to get wifi, wireless interface info
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iwlist scan
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show wireless networks
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iwlist wlan0 scan
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Give the list of Access Points and Ad-Hoc cells in range (ESSID, Quality, Frequency, Mode etc.
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kdm
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kde's graphical login daemon
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kmenuedit
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to edit kde menu
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ksysguard
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kde gui tool to monitor and kill processes
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ksystemlog
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kde app to display log files
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last
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Show listing of last logged in users
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lenny
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debian testing
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lenny
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debian testing
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ln -s data.txt symlink.txt
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Make links between files
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logout
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to leave session
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logout
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to logoff the system
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ls
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List directory contents
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ls -alt /usr/bin
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to see a list of all files (including .rc files) and all directories located in the current or specified directory
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lshw-gtk
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gui for hardware info
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ls -la
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show all files and directories with detail info
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ls -lh /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db
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finds size of a file
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lsmod
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Show the kernel modules currently loaded
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ls | more
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Lists files and directories page after page
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lspci
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displays devices, pci
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lsusb
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shows usb devices
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lsusb
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to get a list of detected devices
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LVM
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Logical Volume Manager
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macchanger
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program to change MAC address
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man bash
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Opens the manual page for a software or function, in this case for 'bash'
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man command
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to pull up information about a Linux command
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man command_name
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displays the man or manual of that command
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man command OR info command
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to see documentation on most commands
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man hier
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info about filesystem hierarchy
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man x
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to retrieve man pages for a command
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mc
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command to run midnight commander file manager
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midnight commander (mc)
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probably the mostly commonly used ncurses, menu driven file manager
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mkdir
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create directory
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mkdir foobar
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Makes a directory
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mlocate foo
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cli search for foo
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mount
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cmd to list mounted partitions
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mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2
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mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2'
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mount /dev/xxx
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Mount the device xxx |
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multitail
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allows you to monitor logfiles and command output in multiple window (splitscreen)
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mutt
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email, esp. good for reading system message reports
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mv lorem.txt ipsum.txt
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to move a file
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nano /etc/security/access.conf
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cmd and filename to start a common, basic text editor on most Linux systems
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nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf
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manually edit xorg.cong file
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netstat
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Summary of network connections and status of sockets
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netstat -a
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find all open ports
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nslookup www.hostname.com
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Checks the domain name and IP information of a server
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passwd
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change password
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passwd
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to change your current password
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passwd user1
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change a user password (only by root)
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pcmanfm
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fast lightweight file manager
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pid
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process ID
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ping
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can be used to test reachability of IP addresses
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ping -c 2 127.0.0.1
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to ping a host
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ping IP or hostname, www.yahoo.com
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Sends test packets to a specified server to check if it is responding properly
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POP3
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protocol for receiving mail, "fetching"
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postfix
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poweroff, halt or shutdown -h now
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3 possible commands to shutdown computer
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/proc
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a pseudo-filesystem and contains information about the system and running processes
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ps
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list every process associated with the specific user running on the server
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ps aux
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get a list of all running processes
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pstree
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shows the running processes as a tree
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pstree -ua
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to get a full tree of processes by user along with the parameters
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pwd
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Outputs the name of current working directory
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q
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press this letter to exit many shell programs, such as top
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reboot
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alternate command to reboot
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reboot OR shutdown -r now
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2 commands to reboot the system
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rkhunter
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rootkit finder
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rm -r my_directory
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Remove the directory and its contents recursively
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rm -v file.txt
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Remove verbosely, explain what is being done
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rm /xxx/xxx
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to delete a file or directory?
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route
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command to get routing table
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route -n
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command to get routing table with all IP addresses
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rox, rox-filer
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fast lightweight file manager, single click capable
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rwho -a
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Determine all users logged on your network
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shutdown -h now
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Bring the system down in a secure way
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shutdown -h now
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shutdown computer
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shutdown -r now
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reboot
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sid
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debian unstable also known as
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SMTP
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protocol for sending mail
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ssh
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should be used in place of Telnet for enhance security
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ssh
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a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged using a secure channel between two computers
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SSH
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secure shell protocol
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synaptic
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popular gui apt package manager
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syslogd
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system logs messages from this daemon
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TAB
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Complete input of the filename to the command line
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tail /foo/foo
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outputs the last part of file foo
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tail /var/log/messages
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displays last several lines of system messages
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tail /var/log/messages
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to view last several lines of system messages
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tar
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Gnu Tar archives can contain multiple files and directories, file permissions can be preserved and it supports multiple compression formats. The name tar stands for "Tape Archiver", the format is an official POSIX standard.
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top
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get a view of how the system is performing, see which processes are hogging all the memory
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top
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gives you a summary view of the system including number of users, memory usage, CPU usage, and active processes
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traceroute hostname
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shows the existing network routing from you to a remote or local server
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tty
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shows you which terminal (screen or window) you are in
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umount /dev/hda2
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unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first
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uname -a
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Outputs operating system, hostname, kernel version, date and timp, and processor
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uname -m
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show architecture of machine
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uname -r
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gives kernel version
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up-arrow
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Start command history search
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updatedb
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to update databases used by locate commands, locate, slocate, mlocate
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update-grub
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to update grub menu, esp. after add or remove kernels
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update-menus
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automatically generates menus of installed programs for window managers and other menu programs. It should be run whenever a menufile(5) or menu-method file is changed. update-menus will be run automatically when Debian packages that contain menu files are installed on or removed from the system.
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useradd user1
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create a new user
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users
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Print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host
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/usr/share/doc/
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program's documentation directory
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/var/log
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directory where logs are found
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vim
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editor based on vi
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w
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Show who is logged on and what they are doing
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watch -d netstat -tupa
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monitor your network connection
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wget
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free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web
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who
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Outputs who is currently logged into the system
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whoami
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Outputs your username / the name of your account
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whowatch
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monitor who's logged on
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yacpi
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watch acpi, battery, ac, cpu
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aptitude clean
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removes all cached package files
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kcron
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kde task scheduler
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cron
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linux primary task scheduler
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netstat -a
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find all open ports, active Internet connections
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netstat -l --inet
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find listening ports
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unhide
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a forensic tool to find processes and TCP/UDP ports hidden by rootkits, Linux kernel modules or by other techniques
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unhide proc
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unhide option, comparing the output of /proc and /bin/ps
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unhide sys
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unhide option, comparing the information gathered from /bin/ps with the one gathered from system calls (syscall scanning)
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unhide brute
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unhide option, full scan of the process ID space (PIDs bruteforcing)
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unhide-tcp
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identifies TCP/UDP ports that are listening but are not listed in /bin/netstat through brute forcing of all TCP/UDP ports available
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