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245 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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?
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Shell wildcard exactly one character
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*
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shell wildcard matches any group of 0 or more characters
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acpi
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Shows information from the /proc filesystem, such as battery status or thermal information
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adduser user group
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command to add user to a group
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& after command
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To start a program directly in background mode so that it doesn't lock your terminal
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alpine
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alt-F2
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to bring up a run command prompt in kde
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Alt-F7
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Switch back to X window from terminal
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anacron
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anacron
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can be used to execute commands periodically, with a frequency
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specified in days
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apmd
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an monitoring daemon for the Advanced Power Management subsystem
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apt-get
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aptitude
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aptitude
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is now the recommended utility for package management
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aptitude dist-upgrade
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aptitude update
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aptitude dist-upgrade
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debian recommended way to update the system
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apt-spy
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creates sources.list automatically, based on latency and bandwidth
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arp
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to check a network card and get the address quick (not always IP)
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cat /proc/cpuinfo
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to get info on the cpu
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cat /proc/version
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Linux version and other info
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cd
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Change directory to the current user's home directory
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cd /
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go to root directory (not root's home)
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cd ..
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Change directory to the parent directory
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cd ~foo
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Change directory to the home directory of the user foo
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cd /foo/foo
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go to /foo/foo directory
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cd /home
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command to change current dir to /home
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cd /home
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enter to directory '/home'
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cfdisk
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ncurse partitioning tool
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clear
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cmd to empty terminal window
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>cmd --help
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to get help with a command
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commandname --help OR -h
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brief help for command
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configure-debian
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cp lorem.txt copy_of_lorem.txt
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cmd to copy a file
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cream
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gui for vim
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cron
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crontab
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Ctrl-Alt-Del
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key combination to shutdown computer
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Ctrl-Alt-F1
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To switch to a virtual terminal
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Ctrl-Alt-F1..F6
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switch to console mode
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Ctrl-Alt-F1 through F6
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Switch to other pseudo-terminals
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Ctrl-Alt-F7
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switch to desktop mode
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Ctrl-C
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Terminate a running program
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Ctrl-D
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exit shell
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Ctrl-H or backspace
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Erase a character before cursor
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Ctrl-U
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Erase line before cursor
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date
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command for date and time
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df
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cmd to find out disk space
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df -h
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outputs the disk free in a more user-friendly readable format
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DHCP
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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dir
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cmd to display directory contents
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dmesg
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dpkg --configure -a
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configures all partially installed packages
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dpkg --configure -a
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configures all partially installed packages
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dpkg -i
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used to install .deb pkg, as in #dpkg -i fetchmail_6.2.5-4_i386.deb
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dpkg -i package.deb
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To view versions of all installed packages
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dpkg-reconfigure
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reconfigure an already installed package
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dpkg-reconfigure --all
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reconfigure all packages
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dpkg-reconfigure X
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du -h /bin
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cmd Estimate file space usage
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/etc/
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the place for the system wide configuration files
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/etc/apt
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has the apt configuration folders and files
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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debian list of repositories, used by apt, aptitude
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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file where list of repositories is kept, for apt
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/etc/init.d/networking start
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command to start the networking service
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/etc/init.d/networking stop
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command to stop the networking services
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/etc/network/interfaces
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location of network settings, config
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/etc/network/interfaces
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This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
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and how to activate them
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exim
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exit
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Close shell. If this is your login shell, you will log out
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exit
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fbpanel
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simple, lightweight panel good for openbox, etc.
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filelight
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find hello*
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cmd Search for files in a directory hierarchy
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finger
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to see who's on the system
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finger username
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to see a users info who's on the system
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FOSS
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free and open source
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free
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Display amount of free and used memory in the system
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free
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shows memory, swap, buffers
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free -m
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gcrontab
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gdm
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gnome's graphical login daemon
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gksu
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gnome-help
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gnome-system-log
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gnome app to display log files
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gparted
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gui partition tool
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grep
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search with files?
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groups
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Outputs the user groups of which your account belongs to
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groups
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command to see what groups you belong to
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guarddog
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halt
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--help
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typing a command followed by _____ will usually display a short summary of the command's usage
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history
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in shell command for the BASH environment that shows the last run commands
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/home/
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the directory which contains all the home directories for all non-privileged users
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hostname
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Outputs the machines hostname on the network
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hostname
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htop
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top with more features
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id
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id tells you what user you are and what group you are in
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id username
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Print user id (uid) and his/her group id (gid), effective id (if different than the real id) and the supplementary groups
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ifconfig
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main command to obtain network information
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ifconfig
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command to find out mac address
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ifconfig
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a command to find out IP address
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ifconfig
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command allows the operating system to setup network interfaces and allow the user to view information about the configured network interfaces
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ifconfig [network device] down
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command to bring a net interface down
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ifdown eth0
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to bring down eth0
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ifup eth0
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to bring up eth0
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iotop
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app to monitor hard disk read/write
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ips
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an intelligent ps-like program which displays process status
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obtained from the /proc filesystem
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iwconfig
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command to get wifi, wireless interface info
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iwlist scan
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show wireless networks
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iwlist wlan0 scan
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Give the list of Access Points and Ad-Hoc cells in range (ESSID, Quality, Frequency, Mode etc.
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kcron
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kdm
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kde's graphical login daemon
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khelpcenter
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kmenuedit
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to edit kde menu
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ksysguard
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ksysguard
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kde gui tool to monitor and kill processes
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ksystemlog
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kde app to display log files
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last
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Show listing of last logged in users
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lenny
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debian testing
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lenny
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debian testing
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ln -s data.txt symlink.txt
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Make links between files
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locate \*.ps
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logout
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to leave session
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logout
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to logoff the system
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ls
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List directory contents
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ls -alt /usr/bin
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to see a list of all files (including .rc files) and all directories located in the current or specified directory
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lshw-gtk
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gui for hardware info
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ls -la
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show all files and directories with detail info
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ls -lh /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db
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finds size of a file
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lsmod
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Show the kernel modules currently loaded
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ls | more
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Lists files and directories page after page
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lspci
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displays devices, pci
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lsusb
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shows usb devices
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lsusb
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to get a list of detected devices
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LVM
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Logical Volume Manager
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macchanger
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program to change MAC address
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man bash
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Opens the manual page for a software or function, in this case for 'bash'
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man command
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to pull up information about a Linux command
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man command_name
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displays the man or manual of that command
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man command OR info command
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to see documentation on most commands
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man hier
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info about filesystem hierarchy
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man x
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to retrieve man pages for a command
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mc
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command to run midnight commander file manager
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midnight commander (mc)
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probably the mostly commonly used ncurses, menu driven file manager
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mkdir
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create directory
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mkdir foobar
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Makes a directory
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mlocate foo
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cli search for foo
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modprobe
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mount
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cmd to list mounted partitions
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mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2
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mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2'
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mount /dev/xxx
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multitail
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mutt
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email, esp. good for reading system message reports
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mv lorem.txt ipsum.txt
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to move a file
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nano /etc/security/access.conf
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cmd and filename to start a common, basic text editor on most Linux systems
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nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf
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manually edit xorg.cong file
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netstat
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Summary of network connections and status of sockets
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netstat -a
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find all open ports
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nslookup www.hostname.com
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Checks the domain name and IP information of a server
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passwd
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change password
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passwd
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to change your current password
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passwd user1
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change a user password (only by root)
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pcmanfm
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fast lightweight file manager
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pid
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process ID
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ping
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can be used to test reachability of IP addresses
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ping -c 2 127.0.0.1
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to ping a host
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ping IP or hostname, www.yahoo.com
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Sends test packets to a specified server to check if it is responding properly
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POP3
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protocol for receiving mail, "fetching"
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postfix
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poweroff, halt or shutdown -h now
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3 possible commands to shutdown computer
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/proc
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a pseudo-filesystem and contains information about the system and running processes
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ps
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list every process associated with the specific user running on the server
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ps aux
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get a list of all running processes
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pstree
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pstree -ua
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to get a full tree of processes by user along with the parameters
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pwd
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Outputs the name of current working directory
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q
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press this letter to exit many shell programs, such as top
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reboot
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alternate command to reboot
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reboot OR shutdown -r now
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2 commands to reboot the system
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rkhunter
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rootkit finder
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rm -r my_directory
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Remove the directory and its contents recursively
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rm -v file.txt
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Remove verbosely, explain what is being done
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rm /xxx/xxx
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to delete a file or directory?
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route
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command to get routing table
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route -n
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command to get routing table with all IP addresses
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rox, rox-filer
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fast lightweight file manager, single click capable
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rwho -a
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Determine all users logged on your network
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shutdown -h now
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Bring the system down in a secure way
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shutdown -h now
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shutdown computer
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shutdown -r now
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reboot
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sid
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debian unstable also known as
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SMTP
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protocol for sending mail
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ssh
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should be used in place of Telnet for enhance security
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ssh
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a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged using a secure channel between two computers
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SSH
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secure shell protocol
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synaptic
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popular gui apt package manager
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syslogd
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system logs messages from this daemon
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TAB
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Complete input of the filename to the command line
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tail /foo/foo
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outputs the last part of file foo
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tail /var/log/messages
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displays last several lines of system messages
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tail /var/log/messages
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to view last several lines of system messages
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tar
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top
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get a view of how the system is performing, see which processes are hogging all the memory
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top
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gives you a summary view of the system including number of users, memory usage, CPU usage, and active processes
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traceroute hostname
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shows the existing network routing from you to a remote or local server
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tty
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shows you which terminal (screen or window) you are in
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umount /dev/hda2
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unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first
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uname -a
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Outputs operating system, hostname, kernel version, date and timp, and processor
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uname -m
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show architecture of machine
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uname -r
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gives kernel version
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up-arrow
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Start command history search
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updatedb
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to update databases used by locate commands, locate, slocate, mlocate
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update-grub
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to update grub menu, esp. after add or remove kernels
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update-menus
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useradd user1
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create a new user
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users
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Print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host
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/usr/share/doc/
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program's documentation directory
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/var/log
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directory where logs are found
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vim
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editor based on vi
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w
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Show who is logged on and what they are doing
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watch -d netstat -tupa
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monitor your network connection
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wget
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who
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Outputs who is currently logged into the system
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whoami
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Outputs your username / the name of your account
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whowatch
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monitor who's logged on
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yacpi
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watch acpi, battery, ac, cpu
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aptitude clean
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removes all cached package files
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kcron
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kde task scheduler
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cron
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linux primary task scheduler
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netstat -a
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find all open ports, active Internet connections
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netstat -l --inet
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find listening ports
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unhide
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a forensic tool to find processes and TCP/UDP ports hidden by rootkits, Linux kernel modules or by other techniques
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unhide proc
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unhide option, comparing the output of /proc and /bin/ps
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unhide sys
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unhide option, comparing the information gathered from /bin/ps with the one gathered from system calls (syscall scanning)
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unhide brute
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unhide option, full scan of the process ID space (PIDs bruteforcing)
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unhide-tcp
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identifies TCP/UDP ports that are listening but are not listed in /bin/netstat through brute forcing of all TCP/UDP ports available
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