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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is phonetics? |
The study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of language.
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"source" parts of source-filter hypothesis of speech production
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1. lungs
2. larynx |
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Where are the vocal cords/folds?
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within the larynx
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"filter" parts of source-filter hypothesis of speech production
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1. pharynx
2. oral cavity 3. nasal cavity |
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How do vocal folds/flaps work?
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They can be positioned in a number of different ways to produce different glottal states (voiced(folds close together)/voiceless(folds far apart))
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What are the defining aspects of consonants?
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-Produced with more obstruction in vocal tract
-Less sonorant |
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What are the defining aspects of vowels?
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-Produced with less obstruction in vocal tract
-More sonorant -Usually nucleus of a syllable |
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What are the defining aspects of glides?
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-Show properties of both vowels and consonants
-"rapidly articulated vowels" -produced with an articulation like that of a vowel, but move quickly to another articulation |
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What are places of articulation?
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Each point at which the airstream can be modified to produce a different sound
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What is a manner of articulation?
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Various ways in which the lips, tongue, velum and glottis can be positioned to produce different sound types
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What are the articulatory parameters used in describing vowels?
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Height, backness, rounding
ex. [i] in 'heat' is high front unrounded |
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What is a feature?
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the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory
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What are four categories of features?
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Major Class features
Laryngeal features Manner features Place features |
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What phonetic features are included in Major Class features?
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1. [+/- consonantal]
2. [+/- sonorant] 3. [+/- syllabic] |
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What phonetic features are included in Laryngeal features?
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1. [+/- voiceless]
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What are the phonetic features of Manner features?
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1. [+/- continuant]
2. [+/- nasal] 3. [+/- strident] |
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What is coarticulation?
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When, because of a certain combination of phonetic segments, more than one articulator is active at once (for example in 'place' the lips and tongue tip are active at once)
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What are articulatory processes?
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Articulatory adjustments that occur during the production of connected speech; they change the nature of the individual segments used
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What are the two basic reasons for the existence of articulatory processes?
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1. more effecient articulation of a series of sounds
2. more distinct output |
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What is assimilation?
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a sound becoming more like another nearby sound in terms of one or more of its phonetic characteristics
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What are the types of assimilation?
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1. nasalization
2. voicing assimilation (voicing and devoicing) 3. place assimilation 4. flapping |
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Why is the difference between the negatives of possible/potent and tolerable/tangible a good example of place assimilation?
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the first two take the bilabial prefix 'im-' because they begin with bilabial stops ([p]) while the second take the alveolar prefix 'in-' because they begin with alveolar stops
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What is the IPA symbol for a flap?
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ɾ
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What is dissimilation?
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The process of two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms, to make them easier to articulate/distinguish
ex. 'fifths' becomes [fifts] so that a sequence of three fricatives is broken up with a stop |
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What is the IPA symbol for a shwa?
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ə
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1. When 'fifths' becomes 'fifts', what kind of articulatory process occurs?
2. When 'fifths' becomes 'fifs', what kind of articulatory process occurs? |
1. Dissimilation
2. Deletion |
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What is epenthesis?
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Process of inserting a syllabic or nonsyllabic segment within an existing string of segments.
example: "somepthing" instead of "something" |
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What is metathesis?
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Process that reorders a sequence of segments
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What is vowel reduction?
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the process of the articulation of vowels moving to a more central position when the vowels are unstressed.
example: [kʰænədə] vs. [kʰənejdiən] -- the first vowel is [æ] when stressed, but becomes ə (a schwa) when unstressed |
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What is the IPA symbol that something is aspirated?
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◌ʰ
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