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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Lexicon |
Mental Dictionary, the Vocab Stored in the Brain |
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Morphological Rules |
Rules for Forming Words from component parts |
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Language |
is the Message Code (between the Message Sender & Receiver) exclusive to Humans; Consists of Lexicon & Grammar. |
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The potential to acquire a language |
is also innate (in Humans) |
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Phonological system |
Patterns of Sounds |
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Syntax |
Rules for Forming language Units Bigger than Words (Higher Level of Morphological Rules) |
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Semantics |
study the Relationship between Words - Referred Objects, between Sentences - Referred Situations |
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Encode |
Put Message in a Code |
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The Result of Communication |
is Change. Communication Affects other People through the Info Transmission. |
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Decode |
React to the Message in a way that Reflect the way it was Encoded. That is, Both Sides must use the Same Code in order to Understand each other. |
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Linguistic Competence |
Subconscious Knowledge of Grammar & Lexicon of one's own language. (The Ability) |
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Productivity |
Allows us to Express & Understand the Ideas that have Never been Heard Before. |
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Linguistic Performace |
The Act of Using one's Linguistic Competence |
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Language is Independent of Hearing & Speech |
because Linguistic Competence Exists in the Brain; it's still there. Deaf/Mute people Can still Communicate Fully. |
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Delivery Systems of Language |
Speech, Writing, Sign Language |
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Synchrony
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Simultaneousness
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FLB
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(Faculty of Language in the Broad sense) Shared Linguistic Capabilities between Humans & Non-humans
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FLN
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(Faculty of Language in the Narrow sense)
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Culture shock
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Disorientation & Anxiety that occur where Social Expectations are Not Met
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Ethnocentrism
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Judging other culture by the Standards of Your Culture
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Honeybee's Round Dance
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Arouses other bees to search for nearby food source
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Honeybee's Waggle Dance (Schwanzeltanz)
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Figure-8 dance. Indicates where the food is.
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Pheromone
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Chemical Secreted as a Presentative at the Food Site
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Honeybee's Food Source Indication Channels
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- the Dance - the Odor (brought back from the nectar) - the Pheromone @the site |
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Redundancy
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Same Message encoded in Multiple Ways and Channels Simultaneously
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Sound Spectrograph
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Instrument to Record Sound Visually in terms of Duration, Frequency & Amplitude.
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Bird Calls vs. Songs
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- Calls are short; Songs are long. - Calls warn of danger; Songs claim & attract females. - Calls are similar among birds; Songs are species-specific. - Calls are innate; Songs are partly innate & learnt. |
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Openness of Language
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Ability to Coin new Words at will, to Add Lexical items
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Discrete Signal
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Signal that is NOT Dependent on Other signals; can be Combined together but also can be Taken Apart & used in Different Combinations.
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Displacement
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Ability to Talk about Events that are NOT currently Happening or People that are Unavailable.
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Stimulus-bound
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Specific Response to Specific External stimuli
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Arbitrariness
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Unobvious Relationship between Words and their Meanings
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Prevarication
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Ability to Communicate False or Fictional Info; Preprogrammed in Nonhuman species (fake death, mimicking other species) BUT Learnt by Humans.
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Who Communicates?
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- Nonhumans: Predetermined by Biological characteristics. (male bird, worker bee >< queen bee) - Humans: Controled by Cultural Conventions |
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Where and When Communication Happens?
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- Nonhumans: Stimulus-bound; According to the Stimuli. - Humans: at Will. |
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Mimicking # Immitation
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- Mimicking: mindless repetition - Imitation: involves cognitive process (MATCH its behavior to others') |
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Theory of Mind
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Ability to Characterize and Predict Others' states of Mind
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Broca's Area of the brain
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involved in Production of Speech
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Wernicke's Area of the brain
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involved with Understanding & Word Choice
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Broca's aphasia
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Damaged Broca's area => Problems in Speech Production & Grammatical Comprehension
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Wernicke's aphasia
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=> Speech include Wrong words or Nonsensical words
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the Clever Hans effect
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Subject's behaviors are influenced by subtle unintentional cues from others
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Ingressive sound |
Speech Sounds produced while Inhaling |
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Egressive sounds |
Speech Sounds produced while Exhaling |
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The articulators |
Organs of speech |
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Larynx |
Thanh quản (voice box) |
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Vocal folds (was known as vocal cords) |
Dây thanh quản (a pair of elastic muscular folds: cặp nếp gấp cơ có tính co giãn) |
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Glottis |
Thanh môn (space between vocal folds) |
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Epiglottis |
Nắp thanh quản |
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Pharynx |
Họng |
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Pharyngeal cavity |
Space or Passageway in the Throat (hốc họng) |
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Nasal cavity |
Passageway in the Nose (hốc mũi) |
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Oral cavity |
Space or Passageway in the Mouth (hốc miệng) |
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Uvula |
Lưỡi gà (phần tòng teng trước họng) |
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Alveolar ridge |
Raised area behind the upper front teeth |
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Hard plate |
Phần xương ở vòm họng trên |
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Soft Plate (Velum) |
Phần mềm ngay phía trước lưỡi gà |
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Pulmonic |
Produced by air from the lungs |
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Voiced sounds |
Vocal folds vibrate (vvvvvv) |
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Voiceless sound |
Vocal folds don't vibrate (fffff) |
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Orthography |
Spelling |
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Vocal tract |
From lips to the glottis (the space between vocal folds, right above the larynx) |
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Bilabials (p, b, m) |
Produced by 2 lips come together (may release or not) |
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Glottal stop |
Blocking of sounds by closing the glottis, as in k |
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Vowels |
No blockage of air stream. Differences in which cavity they use. |
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Consonants |
Produced by blockage of air stream. Differences in ways of blockage. |
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Articulation |
Production of speech Sounds by Movement of speech Organs |
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Labiodentals (f, v) |
Lower lips come to upper teeth |
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Dentals (think, then) |
Produced by Tongue and Teeth (move between upper & lower teeth) |
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Alveolar sounds (L, R, T, D, N, S, Z) |
Produced by: Tip of the Tongue touches the Alveolar Ridge/ Bony Section |
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Palatal sounds (š, č, ž, j√, y) |
Tip of Tongue & Back of Aveolar Ridge (between Ridge and Bony) or Hard/Soft Palates. Vd: š in shed, č in cheap, ž in pleasure, j√ in gadget, y in you. |
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Velar sounds (K, G, ng) |
Back of Tongue & Soft Palate |
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Labiovelar sounds (w) |
Velar sounds (back of tongue & soft palate) + rounding lips |
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Glottal sounds (?) (t in button, h) |
Glottis closed & suddenly releases |
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Oral & Nasal sounds |
Same position but different chambers (Nasal: both mouth & nose). Ex: batchims ㄱ & ㅇ, ㅂ & ㅁ, ㅅ & ㄴ. |
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Stops (p, b, t, d, k, g, ?) |
Sounds produced by Cutting Off the Air stream. Can't be prolonged. |
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Aspiration |
Amount of Air Released After a Stop |
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Diacritics/ Diacritic marks |
Notations added to the main phonetic symbol to clarify details of pronunciation. |
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Fricatives (s, z, š, ž, th in theater & there) |
Partial Blockage of Air (closed teeth but open lips) |
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Affricates (č, j√) |
Start as a Stop, End as a Fricative (hissing) |
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Liquids (L, R) |
Minimal Blockage of Air => no hissing sounds |
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Glides / Semi-vowels (w, y) |
Not as much blockage as consonants, not as free as vowels |
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Trills (not in English) |
Lips vibration & Tip of the Tongue & Uvula |
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Clicks (not in Eng): tsktsk |
Inhaling & Sucking Tongue |
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Sibilants |
Hissing sounds (Fricatives + Affricates) |
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Continuants |
Opposite of Stops, allow Air to Flow through |
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Obstruents |
Produced in Oral & Pharyngeal cavities + Pressure buildup => Nonnasials |
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Sonorants |
Frictionless continuants (nasals, liquids, glides) |
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Tense vowels (i in bee, e in say, u, o) |
More tension, Longer duration |
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Lax vowels (others) |
Relaxing, shorter duration |
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Reduced vowels |
Unstressed, central vowels that are shorter variant of the full sound |
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R-coloring of a vowel |
A vowel partially takes on qualities of an R following it & frequency is lower (as in nurse, person) |
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Monophthongs |
Vowels composed of 1 SOUND |
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Diphthongs |
Vowels composed of 2 SOUNDS |
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Syllabic consonants |
Nasal/ Liquid Consonants which can replace a vowel as Stress in a word |
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Fundamental frequency |
Frequency of Vocal Folds vibration |
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Pitch |
Perception of fundamental frequency, evaluated from High to Low. |
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Intonation contour |
Pitch of the whole utterance |
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Tonal/ Tone languages |
Individual Pitch changes => Meaning changes |
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Intonational/ Intonation language |
Meaning changes when the Overall Pitch changes. |
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Geminate |
Long phone in duration |
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Singleton |
Short phone in duration |
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Juncture |
Pause within a series of phones |