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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
w3
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Websters Third International Dictonary of the English Language
-controverisial words; banned from some schools |
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OED
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The Oxford English Dictionary
-called the greatest lexicographic work ever produced. |
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Noah Webster
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(2 volumes in 1828)
-worked w/ spelling and simplified it in America -people will believe what is in writing |
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John Walker
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prescribed pronunciation in 1791.
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Dr. Samuel Johnson
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Wrote "Dictionary of the English Language" in 1755; first descriptive dictionary.
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Lexicon/Lexicography
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A speakers mental dictionary
the editing or making of a dictionary |
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Orthography
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the written form of a language; spelling
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morphology
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the study of the structure of words; includes the rules of word formation
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stephen Jay Gould
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biologist who believes language is an "all or nothing" system; has original properties.
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Norm Chomsky
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Harvard professor who believes there is already a grammar inside us all; a universal grammar that fits all languages.
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Charles Darwin
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"as the voice was used more and more the vocal organs would have been strenthened and perfected though the principle of the inherited effects of use."
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derivational morpheme
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morpheme added to a stem or root to form a new stem or word, possibly but not necessarily, resulting in a chne in syntactic category (e.g. -er)
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free morpheme bound
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a single morpheme that constitutes a word. Must be attached to other morphemes
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Morphemes
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smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function
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closed class
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rarely has new words added to it
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open class
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a category of words that commmonly adds new words
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grammatical categories
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traditionally called "parts of speech" (noun, verb, etc.)
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Functional Category
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a word that does not have clear lexical meaning but has a grammatical function, including conjunctions, prep., articles, quxiliaries, complementizers, and pronouns (closed class).
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Lixical category
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a general term for the word-level syntactic categories of noun, verb, adj. and adver; these are teh category of content words as oppesed to functional category words.
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content words
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the nouns, verbs, adj., and adverbs that constitute the major part of the vocabulary (0pen class)
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AHD
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American Heritage Dictionary
Had usage panel of respected people and they said what the appropriateness of teh word was (%) |
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tree diagram/ phrase structure tree
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a graphical representation of the linear and hierarchical structure of a phrase or sentence.
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structural ambiguity
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the phenomenon in which the same sequence of words has 2 or more meanings based on different phrase structure analyses
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ambiguity
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describes a word, phrase, or sentence with multiple meanings
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grammaticality
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describes a well-formed sequence of words, one conforming to the rules of syntax
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syntax
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the rules of sentence formation; the componenet of the mental grammar that represents speakers knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences
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10 methods of word formation
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derivation, coinage, compounding, auronym, blending, backformation, abbreviating/dipping, eponyms/from names, borrowing, & conversion. (handout sheet).
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morphological analysis
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look for reccurring forms oand collect data; study log.
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monomorphemic word
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a word that consists of one morpheme
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huckles and ceives
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some morphemes have no meanig in isolation but acquire meaning only in combination with other specific morphemes
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roots
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the morpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word
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affixes
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bound morpheme attched to a stem or root (prefix, suffix, infix, cricumfix, stem root)
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Inflectional morpheme
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bound grammatical morpheme that is affixed to a word according to rules of syntax
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antonyms
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words that are opposite
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retronyms
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an expression that would once have been redundant, but which societal or technologoical changes have made nonredundant
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metonyms
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a word substitued for another word or expression w/ which it is closely associated. i.e. hollywood.
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hyponyms
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common semantic features words whose meanings are specific instances of a more general word. I.e. red, yellow, blue are hyponyms of the word color.
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synonyms
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words with the same meaning
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homographs
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words spelled the same
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heteronyms
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different words spelled the same bu pronounced differently.
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homonyms
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words prounced and possibly spelled the same.
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lexical ambiguity
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multiple meanings of sentences due to words that have multiple meanings
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polysemais words
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describes a single word w/ several closely related but slightly different meanings. i.e. face is of a person, clock, building.
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count nouns
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nouns that can be numbered
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mass nouns
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nouns that cannot ordinarily be enumerated. i.e. milk, water, rice
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semantic features
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a notational device for expressing the presence or absence of semantic properties by pluses and minuses.
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embedding
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a sentence that occurs within a sentence in a phrase structure tree
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semantic properties
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the componenets of meaning of a word.
i.e. "young" is a semantic prop. of baby, colt, puppy |
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semantics
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the study of the linguistic meaning of a word, morphemes, phrases, and sentences.
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idiom
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an expression that may be unrelated to the meaning of it's parts. I.e. kick the bucket=to die.
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anomaly
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a violation of semantic rules resulting in expressions that seem nonsensical.
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truth condition
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the circumstnaces that must be known to determine whether a sentece is true and therefore part of teh meaning.
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complementary pair, gradable pair, and relational opposites
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-related antonyms in such a way that the negation of one is the meaning of the other (dead/alive).
-more of one is less of the other(warm/cold). (parent/child, teacher/pupil). |
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discourse anaylsis
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the study of a linguistic unit that comprises more than one sentence.
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pragmatics
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the study of how context and situation affect meaning
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metaphor
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nonliteral, suggestive meaning "is"
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Chapters 1-5
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exercises to practice
Ch. 3 #2,3,4 Ch. 4 #7 Ch. 5 #7 |
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deixis
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refers to words or expressions whose reference relies entirely on context and the orientation of the speaker in space and time.
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presuppositions
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implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate.
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speech act
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the action or intent that a speaker accomplishes when using language in context, the meaning of which is inferred by hearers.
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maxims of conversation
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conversational convetions:
quantity, quality, relevance, manner |
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situational context
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knowledge of who is speaking, who is listening, what objects are being disclosed are used to aid in interpretation of meaning.
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arbitrariness of language
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the property of language, including sing language, wherby, there is no natural or intrinsic relationship between the way a word is prounced and it's meaning.
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universal grammar
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the innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.
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Bishop Robert Lowth
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Wrote " a short Intro. to English, Grammar with critical Notes" in 1762; prescribed a number of new rules for English (most besed on latin grammar) prestige dialect
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teaching grammar
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a set of language rules written to help speakers learn a foreign language of a different dialect.
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prescriptive grammar
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rules of grammar brought about by grammaions attempts to legislate what speakers' grammatical rules should be, rahter than what they are
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descriptive grammar
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a linguist's description or model of the mental grammar including the units, structures, and rules. An Explicit statement of what speakers know about their language.
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3 theories of the origin of language
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1. language instict
2. complex brains, it's inevitable 3. step by step |
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autonamy of language
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language ability is biologically equipped from birth; does not derive from general human intellectual ability
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acquired dyslyexia
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loss of ability to read acorrectly following brain damge of persons who were previously literate
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jargon
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aphasia in whihc phonemes are substituted, resulting in nonsense words; often produced by people who have Wemicke's aphasia
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anomia
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a form of aphasia in which one has word finding difficulties
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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language disorder resulting from damage to the back part of the left hemisphere
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Broca's Aphasia
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agrammatism; language disorder resulting from damge to the fromnt part of the left hemisphere of the brain in which the patient has difficulty with aspects of syntax, expecially functional categories.
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localization
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hypothesis that different areas of the brain are responsible for distinct cognitive systems
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contralateral
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refers to stimuli that travel between one side of the body and the opposite cerebral hemisphere
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lateralization
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term used to refer to cognitive functions localized to one or the other side of the brain
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neurolinguistics
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branch of linguistics concerned with the brain mechanisms that underlie the acquisition and use of human language
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sign language
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used by deaf people in which linguuistic units such as morphemes and wors as well as grammatical relations are formed by manual movements.
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