Ling 111-Exam 2, 1, Syntax I

Front 1

Syntax definition?

Back 1

Rules that refer to the different kinds of
words specify how words are allowed to
combine to form sentences.

Front 2

Open class/lexical words (4)

Back 2

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Front 3

Closed classes/function words (5)

Back 3

Auxiliary words, prepositions, determiners, pronouns, conjunctions

Front 4

Determiners

Back 4

Marks a noun as referring to a specific or unspecific object/concept, or
indicate some (sub)set of the object(s)/concept(s) to which the noun refers.

Front 5

Constituents

Back 5

a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The analysis of constituent structure is associated mainly with phrase structure grammars, although dependency grammars also allow sentence structure to be broken down into constituent parts. The constituent structure of sentences is identified using constituency tests. These tests manipulate some portion of a sentence and based on the result, clues are delivered about that immediate constituent structure of the sentence.

Front 6

No ________ words in a constituent

Back 6

No skipping words

Front 7

If we can perform a syntactic operation on a contiguous string of
words,

Back 7

then we know that that string of words forms a constituent.

Front 8

Constituency test: substitution

Back 8

A contiguous string of words that can be replaced with a

Front 9

Words that can be used for substitution constituency test

Back 9

wh words
pronouns
adverbs of place and time
"did so"

Front 10

Constituency test 2: stand alone

Back 10

A string of words that stand alone as an answer to
a wh-question, is a constituent.

Front 11

Constituency test: move together

Back 11

A string of words that can move together
is a constituent.

Front 12

Constituency test: coordination

Back 12

If you know that some string of words is a constituent, then any
string of words that can be coordinated with it, is also a constituent.