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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
social class
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classification of speakers on the basis of social divisions= Status and power
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objective markers to social status differneces
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income
level of education value of property.house |
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subjective markers of social status differences
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occupations
neighborhood family name |
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socially prestigious
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variants are positively valued throguh their association with high status groups
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socially stigmatized
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variants that carry negative connotations
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Covert v. Overt prestige
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covert- Sarah Palin= used with local values
Overt- Hilary Clinton= broad norms |
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changes from above
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level of consciousness- led my lower middle class- reflects a movement away fro socially sstigmatized features
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changes from below
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led by Upper working class- mostly phonological changes in American English tend to start from below
EX: Cali shift and NCS |
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style
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one of the speech varieties used by an individual
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style shift
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when a speaker voluntarily changes speech forms b/c of setting, topic, or other speakers
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Types of style shifts
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-registers= associated w. particular situations of use= Motherese
-genres= associated w. performance or artistic display= Actors -crossing=shift into another dialect other than your own -codeswitching= spanglish, NCS to standard |
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hypercorrection
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members of lower social classes will use prestigious features at a higher rate than high classes= they over-use it
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Attention to speech
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Attention to speech= change based on the amount of attention they're paying to speech
-casual v. careful Paralingx Cues= cues surrounding speech to separate casual and careful -rate, pitch, laughter |
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Audience Design
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shift styles primarily in response to their audience
- topic and the relationship between speakers affects this |
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direct addressee
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2nd person you talk to, leads to the must adjustment in speech
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auditors
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allowed to participate in conversations, but not addressed
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overhearers
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non-ratified, speaker is aware of prescence but not part of convo really at all
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eavesdroppers
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presence is unknown and not ratified
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speaker design
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-style shifts viewed as means of projecting ones own attributes (identity)
- your identity is dynamic - in conversational interaction we take on roles and those roles change |
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factors in speaker design
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audience
topic purpose key frame of interaction |
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Eckert 1988
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Jocks and Burnouts
-working class bringing linguistical changes |
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methodology of eckert
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3 years or research
used 52 speakers used 1 suburban school which was almost all white |
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Jocks from Eckert 1988
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involved in school
-valued their relationships w. adults -trusted by administration -looked to go to college |
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Burn-outs from Eckert 1988
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-vocational
-blue collar -network with other groups and ages -use drugs and sex early on -restricted authority by admin. |
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in betweens from the Eckert 1988 article
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hang out with both groups
are the reason for the change -use variants of burn-outs, bring them to the jock -the variants lose significance for the burn outs |
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Conclusions of Eckert
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in HS, there is a motivation for divergence
-complex relationship between social category, affiliation, class and metro environment in suburbs |
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Schilling-Estes 1998
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Study in Ocracoke- island off the coast of NC
-Studies performance speech of Rex- called the "brogue" -increased tourism has residents coming in contact withs tandard |
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methodology of Schilling-Estes
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case study of 1 individual- Rex
-Detailed study of him across various social contexts -based on phrase "hoi tide..." |
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Linguistic features of Rex- Shilling
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Lifelong resident
-Strong ties with island -performance utterances characterized by linguistic features |
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Results of Shilling-Estes
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found more /ay/ centralization in performance speech
-Mostly before voiced obstruents -Patterns of self-conscious speech are just as regular as that of non-self conscious speech |
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Labov's Vernacular principle
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self conscious speech is not valuable in obtaining a pic of the lingx system
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findings of Shilling-Estes 1998
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shifts can be multi-dimensional= changing a tape for recording could create performance speech b/c of attention to speech and audience design theories
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Limitations of Shilling-Estes 1998
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only 1 participant
one used a few styles to look at very few tokens of /ay/ Why not study other brogue features? |