Limbic System (Burrell) Quiz 4

Front 1

What does the acronym M2OVE refer to?

Back 1

The limbic system:
Motivation
Memory
Olfaction
Visceral functions
Emotion

Front 2

What is the broad function of the limbic system?

Back 2

Interface our internal drives and emotional states with out decision-making and cognitive functions. Acts to match the appropriate visceral response with a given behavioral and/or conscious emotional response.

Front 3

What structure may be damaged when there is an inability to match a stimulus with an appropriate response at either the cognitive or autonomic level?

Back 3

Limbic system

Front 4

What are the major pathways of the limbic system?

Back 4

Fornix
Mammilothalamic tract
Stria terminalis
Stria medullaris
Medial forebrain bundle
Cingulum

Front 5

Describe the fornix.

Back 5

C-shaped structure that starts in the hippocampus and terminates in the mammillary bodies (primary target). Links hippocampus to the septal nucleus and hippocampus to anterior thalamic nucleus. Contains hippocampal commissure.

Front 6

What is the mammilothalamic tract?

Back 6

Connects the mammillary bodies to the anterior thalamic nuclei.

Front 7

What is the stria terminalis?

Back 7

Starts in the amygdala and terminates in the septal nucleus and hypothalamus.

Front 8

What is the stria medullaris?

Back 8

Starts in the septal area and terminates in the habenula

Front 9

Where is the habenula?

Back 9

Adjacent to the thalamus

Front 10

What is the medial forebrain bundle?

Back 10

Connects the septal area, hypothalamus, and the amygdala to the autonomic nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord

Front 11

Where is the Septal Nuclei?

Back 11

Front 12

Where is the Cingulate Gyrus?

Back 12

Front 13

Where is the medial forebrain bundle?

Back 13

Front 14

Where is the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

Back 14

Front 15

Where is the Habenular nucleus?

Back 15

Front 16

Where is the Fornix?

Back 16

Front 17

Where is the stria terminalis?

Back 17

Front 18

Where is the Hippocampus?

Back 18

Front 19

Where are the mammillary bodies?

Back 19

Front 20

What is the Papez Circuit?

Back 20

There is an interaction between the autonomic and somatic portions of the emotional brain. The hypothalamus and the cingulate gyrus form the ends of the circuit.

Front 21

What are the pathways of the Papez circuit?

Back 21

Cingulate gyrus → hippocampus → mammillary body of the hypothalamus → anterior thalamic nuclei → cingulate cortex

Front 22

What structures are part of the hippocampal formation?

Back 22

Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Subiculum
Entorhinal cortex
Fimbria

Front 23

Don't know the two hippocampal pathways!

Back 23

Let me know if you can decipher the notes.

Front 24

What is the function of the Hippocampal formation?

Back 24

Buffer memories;
Navigation and spatial memory through use of place cells;
Depression and Schizophrenia

Front 25

What are the outputs of the Amygdala?

Back 25

Stria terminalis (connects it to the hypothalamus

Front 26

What is the amygdala involved in?

Back 26

Emotional responses and fear conditioning (emotion memory)

Front 27

What is Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

Back 27

Increased appetite and hypersexuality as a result of the removal of temporal lobes (including amygdala and hippocampus); hypersexuality only seen in monkeys

Front 28

Where is the amygdala located?

Back 28

Tip of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, anterior and rostral to the hippocampus

Front 29

What limbic structure is associated with korsakoff's?

Back 29

mammillary bodies

Front 30

What is the function of the habenula?

Back 30

Behavioral functions (pain, stress, learning, and internal drives)

Front 31

Where is the fornix?

Back 31

Front 32

Where are the Mammilary bodies?

Back 32

Front 33

Where is the Stria medullaris?

Back 33

Front 34

Where is the mammilary bodies?

Back 34

Front 35

Where is the fornix?

Back 35

Front 36

Where is the Anterior thalamic group?

Back 36

Front 37

What did Phineas Gage lose?

Back 37

Anterior Cingular Gyrus and Prefrontal Cortex; defects in rational decision making and emotional control

Front 38

Why was Phineas Gage significant?

Back 38

Showed that human behavior was controlled by specific and different parts of the brain.

Front 39

What is the significance of patient S.M.?

Back 39

Damage to amygdala resulted in problems recognizing emotions (especially fear)

Front 40

What is Non-Associative Learning?

Back 40

Neural mechanisms that mediate non-associative contribute to more complex types of learning.
Forms:
Habituation
Dishabituation
Sensitization

Front 41

What is Habituation?

Back 41

Non-associative:
Decrease in response to repetitive stimuli that is not the result of fatigue or sensory adaptation.

Front 42

What is Dishabituation?

Back 42

Non-associative:
Increase in a habituated response due to the presentation of a very

Front 43

What is sensitization?

Back 43

Non-associative:
Increase in response due to the presentation of a strong or salient stimulus.

Front 44

What is associative learning?

Back 44

Forming an internal, cognitive connection (association) between two environmental stimuli.

Front 45

What are the two basic forms of associative learning?

Back 45

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

Front 46

What is Classical Conditioning?

Back 46

Learning that one stimulus acts as a cue (Conditioned Stimulus) that predicts the arrival of second stimulus (outcome; Unconditioned stimulus).
Pavlovian Dog

Front 47

What is stimulus generalization?

Back 47

The use of a stimulus other than the CS to generate a CR if the second stimulus is sufficiently similar.

Front 48

What is extinction?

Back 48

Elimination of the CR to the CS by presenting the CS without the US.

Front 49

What is operant conditioning?

Back 49

Instrumental conditioning; behavior is paired with a reinforcing stimulus; example is skinner box experiments

Front 50

What is are the skinner box experiments?

Back 50

Device that allows one to easily train rodents using operant conditioning; teach rat to push a button to get food

Front 51

What is LTP?

Back 51

Cellular mechanism that increases synaptic transmission.

Front 52

How is LTP activated during learning?

Back 52

Co-activation of pre- (CS) and postsynaptic (US) neurons; convergence of glutamate by the presynaptic neuron and the depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron activates NMDA to initiate LTP

Front 53

Early LTP is the result of what?

Back 53

Increase in AMPA-R

Front 54

Long term LTP is the result of what?

Back 54

Growth of new synaptic connections

Front 55

What is one way learning may be impacted in Down's syndrome?

Back 55

Higher threshold for LTP

Front 56

How were experimenters able to increase LTP in "Down's" mice?

Back 56

GABA antagonist

Front 57

What are the stages of memory formation?

Back 57

Acquisition
Consolidation (Storage)
Retrieval

Front 58

What is Declarative memory?

Back 58

Memory for facts (semantic) and events (episodic)

Front 59

Where is declarative memory primarily mediated?

Back 59

Hippocampus and the association cortices (final storage area)

Front 60

How does the hippocampus act in terms of memory formation?

Back 60

Memory buffer (like computer RAM) until information can be encoded in the neocortex (consolidation)

Front 61

What can a lesion to the hippocampus do in terms of memory formation?

Back 61

Prevent the encoding of new long term memory

Front 62

What is consolidation?

Back 62

Process of storing information by encoding the neocortex

Front 63

Why is H.M. a significant case?

Back 63

Removal of patient's Hippocampus resulted in severe anterograde amnesia

Front 64

What is Procedural memory?

Back 64

Memory of how to perform motor skills; largely unconscious

Front 65

What type of memory did patient H.M. mostly loose?

Back 65

Declarative

Front 66

What anatomical systems are involved in procedural memory?

Back 66

Striatum (Mediates procedural memory that enhances the performance)
Cerebellum (mediates procedural memory that alters reflexes in response to new learned stimuli)

Front 67

What is an example of procedural memory?

Back 67

Eye-blink conditioning

Front 68

What is emotional memory?

Back 68

Stores information on preferences and aversion to events; unconscious

Front 69

What is the primary location for emotional memory?

Back 69

amygdala (esp. for fear conditioning)

Front 70

Can declarative memory be modulated?

Back 70

Yes, especially by emotional memory. Strong emotional events are better remembered.

Front 71

What type of memory was largely found intact in H.M.?

Back 71

Procedural

Front 72

What are the temporal categories of memory?

Back 72

Immediate
Short term/Working
Long term

Front 73

What is immediate memory?

Back 73

<1 second; involves brainstem, frontal cortex, and association cortices; necessary for normal attention; AKA immediate recall

Front 74

What is Short term memory?

Back 74

Seconds to minutes; frontal cortex and other associational cortices; storage for a short period; working memory

Front 75

What is Working memory?

Back 75

Short term memory; capacity to hold information long enough to carry out a sequence of actions; requires intact frontal lobe; digit span test

Front 76

What is long term memory?

Back 76

Hours to days to years; requires hippocampus (to get past consolidation phase) and associational cortices (to store); requires gene modification and protein synthesis

Front 77

What area of damage is associated with retrograde amnesia?

Back 77

cortical damage; association cortex is where long term memory is stored

Front 78

What area of damage is associated with anterograde amnesia?

Back 78

Hippocampal or cortical

Front 79

Does repetition of learning improve the retention of memory?

Back 79

Yes

Front 80

What is "spacing out"?

Back 80

Repeating learning over longer periods of time; improves cellular processes that mediate consolidation and storage

Front 81

What are the main types of dementia?

Back 81

Alzheimer's Disease
Vascular Dementia (Multi-infarct)
Frontotemporal Dementia
Huntington's
Lewy Body Dementia
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Creutzfeldt-Jacob

Front 82

What is dementia?

Back 82

Decline in memory and other cognitive functions

Front 83

Alzheimer's Disease?

Back 83

Most common dementia
Gradual progression and later onset

Front 84

Vascular Dementia?

Back 84

Second most common form of dementia;
Accumulation of mini-strokes;
Step-like progression and earlier onset

Front 85

Frontotemporal Disease?

Back 85

Earlier onset <60yrs;
severe apathy and disinhibition (poor impulse control); Neurofibrillary tangles but no Abeta plaques

Front 86

Huntington's?

Back 86

Procedural memory (striatal disease)

Front 87

What is tau?

Back 87

microtubule protein

Front 88

What is Lewy Body dementia?

Back 88

Can accompany parkinson's (early-onset); level of dementia fluctuates; visual hallucinations

Front 89

Korsakoff's?

Back 89

Result of thiamine deficiency (alcoholics); both retrograde and anterograde amnesia; confabulation is characteristic

Front 90

Creutzfeldt-Jacob?

Back 90

Rapid Progression and early onset (40-50 yrs); cortical and cerebellar atrophy; prion

Front 91

Besides neurodegenerative diseases how else can memory and cognition be impacted?

Back 91

Seizure, blow to head, traumatic brain injury, and various types of tumors

Front 92

What characterizes the early stages of alzheimer's?

Back 92

Impairment in the ability to generate memories of recent events but recall is intact.

Front 93

What does the initial impairment of alzheimer's indicate?

Back 93

Hippocampal dysfunction

Front 94

What are the four neuropathic features of alzheimer's?

Back 94

Extracellular deposits of amyloid-Beta plaques.
Intracellular accumulation of tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFT).
Loss of neurons starting in hippocampus and progressing (40% reduction in volume).
Loss of synapses.

Front 95

What three genes have been implicated in familial early onset alzheimer's?

Back 95

Presenilin 1
Presenilin 2
Amyloid Precursor Protein

Front 96

What do presenilin 1 and 2 do?

Back 96

Cleave APP to form the ABeta

Front 97

What may ApoE do in Alzheimer's?

Back 97

stabilize AB plaques; 10-12x for homozygous

Front 98

Amyloid Beta is how long?

Back 98

40-42 amino acids

Front 99

What causes aggregation of ABeta?

Back 99

high concentrations

Front 100

What is presenilin?

Back 100

Gamma-secretase

Front 101

What is the Abeta hypothesis?

Back 101

High extracellular levels of Abeta aggregate into plaques and are toxic to neurons and glia

Front 102

What are the main issues with the Abeta hypothesis?

Back 102

Plaques and the amount of neurodegeneration were not always consistent; plaques were found first in cortex then hippocampus (opposite expected if considering symptoms)

Front 103

What is the current widely accepted alzheimer's theory?

Back 103

Modified AB hypothesis; soluble AB is actually the toxic form and extracellular plaques are result of protective action

Front 104

How to soluble AB oligomers support the current Alzheimer's hypothesis?

Back 104

Correlate with level of dementia; seen early in hippocampus; disrupt synaptic transmission (LTP and LTD); cause neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration

Front 105

How is tau implicated in alzheimer's?

Back 105

Tau with Abeta seems to match alzheimer's more closely; disribution of tau matches progression better than Abeta

Front 106

How does donepezil (aricept) work?

Back 106

Chlinesterase inhibitor; increases hippocampal cholinergic input from the septal nuclei; moderately effective

Front 107

How does memantine (Namenda) work?

Back 107

NMDA-receptor antagonist; prevents neuron loss by limiting toxic Ca2+ levels via NMDA excitation; Open channel blocker (works when channel is open) so prevents the channel from opening too long; fast dissociation kinetics

Front 108

Ab peptides/antibodies?
Bapineuzumab

Back 108

Help body to mount immune response to Abeta plaques; new antibody treatment most effective in apo e