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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Multidirectional and butterfly effect definitions
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the study of change and the change occurs in many different directions/ small action sets off series of changes in a major event
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Multi-contextual definition
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humans develop in many contexts, including historical conditions, economic constraints and cultural traditions.
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Multicultural definition
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many cultures to consider, each with its own values, traditions and living standards.
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Multidisciplinary definition
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many fields such as psychology, biology, sociology, education, economics, religion, history and medicine.
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Plasticity definition
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developmental changes occur throughout the life span and can be altered at any point.
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What is the biosocial domain?
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studies brain and body changes and social influences that guides them.
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The term used for how a child could develop, given their genetic code?
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Potential development
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How the individual ends up developing with the resources they have available?
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Actual development
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Thought processes, perceptual abilities, language mastery and the institutions that encourage them such as schools are a persons?
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Cognitive domain
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What is the psychosocial domain?
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personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with family, friends and the rest of society.
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What is a social construct?
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An idea about how things should be based on the shared perceptions of society rather than objective reality.
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What are the 5 major psychological contexts of development? Describe each one.
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Historical- affects people from different time periods.
Socioeconomic- income, education, and occupation. Cultural- values, attitudes, and customs from people in a particular setting. Ethnicity- People with shared beliefs, values, ancestry and religion. Individual and Social context- each individual develops within many interacting contexts. |
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Explain nature vs. nurture debate
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Nature- is the range of abilities, limitations and traits that is genetically inherited such as eye color.
Nurture- Environmental influences that happen after conception such as health of mother, culture, family and school. |
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A theory that states that early life experiences continue to affect a person throughout adulthood.
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Continuity Theory
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Discontinuity Theory is?
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states that childhood traits and characteristics disappear and new qualities emerge throughout adult life stages.
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What is the attachment theory and who studied it?
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Nature of an infants trust in, and attachment to, his or her mother determines whether that person can later sustain other close relationships.
Invented by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. |
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What is the ecological approach?
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Need to understand what makes plants and fish survive in their environment, we must strive to understand how humans survive.
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Who proposed the ecological approach?
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Urie Bronfenbrenner
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What are the 5 parts of the ecological model and explain each?
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Microsystem- Family, school, peers church, etc. that directly impacts the person.
Mesosystem- connects the different aspects within the microsystem. Exosystem- Factors that affect the individual indirectly such as friends of family, neighbors, mass media, etc. Macrosystem- Attitudes and ideologies of the culture such as customs, politics, philosophies and conditions of the country. chronosystem- impact of major events and affects development over time such as marriage, divorce, death, graduation, etc. |
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What are the 5 central categories of theories for lifespan study?
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Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorism Learning Theory Cognitive Theory Humanistic Approach |
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What is psychoanalytic theory?
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considers human development in terms of intrinsic drives and motives, and believes many of these are irrational and unconscious. Vaillant and Levinson believe this is to be the basis for universal stages of development.
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Who is Freud?
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Founder of Psychoanalysis. Believed that development was based on psychosexual states that stemmed from sexual interest and gratification through a specific part of the body.
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What was Freud's conception of the human psyche?
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Conscious- Mental experiences that individuals can recall at any time.
Preconscious- below the conscious and includes memories and perceptions that can be recalled at will, but are not constant stream of thought. Unconscious- Bottom layer of the mind and contains feelings and memories that cannot be remembered at will. |
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Describe Id, Superego and Ego
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Id- Responsible for latent biological drives including sleep, food, water, and sex. (Unconscious thought)
Superego- (Preconscious thought) Responsible for the moral values of the individual and causes extreme guilt for doing wrong. Ego- Moves through all stages of consciousness. Reality principle and strikes balance between latent urges of the Id and need for morality of superego. Provides a socially acceptable outlet for the drives held within the Id. |
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Describe Freud's psychosexual stages of development.
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1. Oral stage- Birth to 1 year- Pleasure from oral actions. (biting, sucking).
2. Anal Stage- 1-3 years- Pleasure from anus and defecation. (Potty training) 3. Phallic Stage- 3-6 years- Pleasure from genital stimulation. (Proud of penis vs. penis envy) 4. Latency Stage- 7-11 years- No significant psychosexual development. (Focuses on friends and social skills) 5. Genital stage- 12-adulthood- Genitals are focus of pleasurable feelings. (Seeks sexual satisfaction in relationships) |
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What theory states that yound boys resent father due to a latent desire to marry their mother?
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Oedipal Complex
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What is the Electra Complex?
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Girls start with a latent sexual desire for her mother which later shifts to the father when she realizes she doesn't have a penis.
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Who is Erik Erikson?
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Psychoanalytic researcher who developed the stages of psychosocial development.
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What are the 8 stages of psycosocial development?
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1. Trust vs. Mistrust- Birth-1year- Comfort the infant receives from mother vs. fear of the unknown.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt- 2-3years- becoming self sufficient vs. doubting their abilities. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt- 4-5years- Time to explore and learn vs. guilt for wanting to learn outside the realm that they are allowed. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority- 6-11years- Children become industrious as they learn to do and master more vs. inferiority when the don't feel they can do anything well. 5. Identity vs. Role confusion- Adolescence 12-18years- Strive for independence and their own identity vs. role confusion and being unaware of their sexuality or where they fit in society. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation- Young adulthood- Forge deep relationships vs. being loners if unable to do so. 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation- Middle adulthood- Create something meaningful for next generation vs. stagnation if unable to pass anything on. 8. Integrity vs. Despair- Late adulthood- Finding sense in their life and that it had meaning vs. being depressed and regrets about unfulfilled goals. |
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What is the study of observable behavior?
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Behaviorism
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What is the learning theory?
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The sequences and processes of conditioning that underlie most human and animal behavior.
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What is defined as anything that elicits a response?
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Stimulus
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What is a behavior that is elicited by a specific stimulus?
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Response
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Who is Ivan Pavlov?
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Russian physiologist. Developed classical conditioning by studying digestion with dogs and how they salivated when a bell was rung.
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What is Classical conditioning?
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Involuntary emotional and physiological responses (fear, sweating, salivating). Any living creature learns to respond involuntarily to a stimulus that used to be neutral now is meaningful.
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What is operant conditioning?
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A subject becomes more or less likely to exhibit a behavior because of reinforcement or punishment.
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Who is B.F. Skinner?
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Supporter of learning theory and developed Operant conditioning.
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What involves a subject being rewarded or punished every single time?
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Continuous schedule of reinforcement or punishment.
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What is Partial reinforcement or punishment?
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Set at a certain ratio or interval.
Fixed- predictable variable- unpredictable ratio- every certain number of behaviors. interval- every set amount of time. |
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What is the Law of effect?
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If a behavior leads to a pleasant consequence, the behavior is more likely to be repeated.
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Who is Harry Harlow?
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Performed research on wire and cloth mother surrogates.
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Who is Albert Bandura?
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Performed social learning and observational learning by doing a study called the BoBo doll study.
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Who is Jean Piaget?
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Developed the stages of cognitive development.
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What are the stages of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor- Know world through senses and motor abilities.
Preoperational- Learn through mental operations such as symbolic function. Concrete Operational- engage in imagination play and thing symbolically to the future. Formal Operational- Complex abstract ideas. Post Formal Operational- Manipulate several abstract ideas at once. |
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Who is Lev Vygotsky?
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Proposed the zone of proximal development (ZPD). Also studied cognitive development.
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What is Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
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What someone can do on their own vs. what can be done with help.
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Who is Abraham Maslow?
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Studied humanistic theory and developed the Hierarchy of Needs.
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Explain Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
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Pyramid- survival to altruistic needs.
Physiological- Food, water Safety- Security, no fear Belonging, Love- Family, lover Self Esteem- Respect mastery Self Actualization- Fulfillment |
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Who is Carl Rogers?
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Believed in Unconditional Positive Regard.
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