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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Reflexes |
unlearned, organized, involuntary responses - occur automatically... may be the foundation for future movements |
Survival: breathing, eye-blinking, pupillary, rooting, sucking, swallowing Primitive: babinski, palmar, moro, swimming, stepping |
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States |
degree of awareness child displays to internal/external stimuli...maturation leads to longer states of sleep and wakefulness, gradually 16 weeks = up to 6 hours continuous sleep |
Sleep/Wakefulness |
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Cephalocaudal Principle |
That growth begins with the head and upper body and grows downwards |
Head Downwards |
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Proximodistal Principle |
Growth begins at the centre of the body and grows outwards |
Centre Outwards
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Principle of Heirarchical Integration |
Simple skills develop separately and independantly |
Skills independant
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Principle of Independent Systems |
Different body systems grow at different rates |
Different rates, different systems |
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Four Principles of Growth |
They help explain the patterns by which growth occurs or the way complex skills build upon simpler ones |
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By the end of the second year how much does the average child weigh? |
Four times as much as at birth |
4x |
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How much does the average newborn weigh? |
Just over 3 kg |
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SIDS |
a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep, they simply stop breathing effects 1 in 2000 infants in Canada |
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
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Immunization |
The act in which we are made resistant or immune to disease through the act of administering a vaccine Positive, despite misinformation, infant survival rate has increased |
Often full of misinformation, recent scandal saying that it causes autism |
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What are the benefits of breastfeeding? |
Early protection for the immune system... Nutritionally best for the child... cholostrum |
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Colostrum |
First secretion from mammary glands after birth |
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Neuron |
basic cells of the nervous system... they communicate by neurotransmitters that travel across small gaps called synapses |
During the first two years a baby's brain will establish billions of new connections |
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Synapse |
the gap connection between neurons, through which neurone chemically communicate with on another |
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Myelin |
a fatty substance that surrounds axons in the brain Myelination is most rapid from birth to 4 yrs and continues to early adulthood |
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Synaptic Pruning |
elimination of neurone as the result of disuse or lack of stimulation |
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Plasticity |
degree to which a developing structure or behaviour is susceptible to changes based on experience |
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Which brain regions specialize early? |
Left hemisphere: for verbal language frontal cortex: for emotion/planning |
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Physiological States |
The physical expression of a child's state of being |
Sleeping, Crying, Soothing |
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Sleep |
Major state that occupies a baby's time On average infants sleep some 16 to 17 hours a day |
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REM Sleep |
a period of sleep in older children and adults that is associated with dreaming |
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep |
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Crying |
Used to communicate need to caregiver, vocal signature |
infants cry most in first 3 month and it peaks at 8 weeks |
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Soothing |
helps to show a child empathy, in our society we have a very child-centered attitude towards parenting |
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Sensation |
physical stimulation of the sense organs |
Feeling |
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Perception |
sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain |
Processing |
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Visual Perception |
infants distance vision is one-tenth to one-third that of the average adult... show clear visual preferences, present from birth |
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Habituation |
gradual reduction in response strength when stimulus repeatedly presented |
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Dishabituation |
increase in response when new stimulus presented |
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What is the purpose of the habituation/dishabituation method? |
used to gain understanding of infants attention, memory perception and knowledge |
if they see an unfamiliar object, what is the physical response? |
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Depth Perception |
Begins at the time that infants start to crawl |
Example: Visual Cliff Experiment |
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Differentiation Theory - Gibson |
affordances = actions possibilities of a situation infants discover "affordances" as they act upon the world |
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Hearing |
infants have ability from time of birth... they reach adult levels at 18 months |
Children often prefer and recognize their own mother's voice |
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Sound Localization |
The ability to pinpoint the direct which sound comes from |
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Mulitmodal Approach to Perception |
Considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated/coordinated |
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Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale |
30 minute test, 27 separate categories constitutes 4 general aspects of infants behaviour, designed to determine infants neurological and behavioural responses to their environment |
Bases results off infant "norms" therefore off of averages |
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Gross Motor Skills |
Larger, more substantial motor movements. Eg. Crawling, Walking, Sitting |
Walking often starts at 9 months old |
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Fine Motor Skills |
Smaller intricate movements, dexterity infants are born with rudimentary ability to reach towards an object |
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Non-Organic Failure to Thrive |
A disorder in which infants stop growing due to lack of stimulation and attention due to poor parenting |
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Intermodal Perception |
The process of coordination of the limbs |
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Categorical Perception |
The ability to categorize the information that the infants brain recieves |
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